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COMMERCIAL   PRESS 

Geography  of  China 


BY 


HORATIO  B.  HAWKINS,  i\l.A. 

Teacher  in  Kiangsu  Provincial  College,  Soochow 


Commercial    Press.    Limited 

SHAINOMAI 

1911 


CO 
CO 


.1 


COMMERCIAL   PRESS 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ENGLISH  BOOKS 


FoNG  F.  Sec,  M.A. 

General   Editor 


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EDITOR'S    PREFACE 

This  liook  is  jircpartMl  in  rcsponst'  to  a  (loinaiid  on  the  ])ai-t  of  Chinese  teachers  and  stnilents 
for  a  geography  of  China  which  slmnhl  meet  tiic  present  needs  of  Chinese  schools. 

On  the  one  liand,  our  teachers  complain  that  the  inij)orted  lext-houk.s  on  geography  devote 
too  much  space  to  foreign  countries  and  not  enough  to  Cliina,  and  that  tlie  facts  they  present  concern- 
ing GUI'  countiy  are  not  iid'reijuenlly  distorted,  to  say  nothing  of  inaccuracies.  Ev(.'ry  student  should 
know  the  loading  facts  of  his  own  country  before  he  studies  the  worhl  at  large.  As  its  title  iniplie?, 
this  l)ook  deals  with  the  Geography  of  China,  to  he  f(dlowed  liy  a  larger  volume,  hy  the  same  author, 
on  the  Geography  of  the  World.  The  mass  of  informatiim  cunlained  in  these  boolcs  is  at  once  useful 
an<l  ujj-ttj-ilate. 

'i"he  students,  on  the  other  liauel,  complain  that,  as  they  have  not  used  many  Knglish  hooks, 
they  find  that  texts  from  aV)road  often  present  dilticulties  in  style.  To  meet  this  point,  we  are  fortunate 
ill  securing  tiie  c(j-operation  of  the  author,  who  writes  very  sim])le  ,'uid  yet  clear  i'lnglish.  and  who 
takes  a  most  sympathetic  interest  in  the  welfare  of  Cliina.  Mr.  Hawkins  has  not  oidy  fui-nished  us 
with  the  te.xt  hut  has  also  given  us  helpful  suggestions  regarding  the  make-up  of  the  hook. 

To  make  the  geography  suitaMe  for  our  students,  we  have  prepared  a  vocahulai-y,  giving  the 
Chinese  ei|uivalents  for  such  new  terms  as  highways  of  commerce,  ti'ade-mart,  etc.  Mvery  geographical 
name  is  given  in  both  10ngli<h  and  Chinese,  and  a  list  of  Anglo-Chinese  names  is  furnished  at  the 
back  of  the  hixdc  for  read}'  reference.  This  part  of  the  work  was  <lone  liy  .Mi-.  .M  \  Su.\o  LiAiNo,  1'>..\. 
of  Si.  .hihn's  I  'niversity. 

The  maps  of  the  ])i-ovinces  and  dependencies  were  prepared  especially  foi-  this  book,  based  on 
the  Geography  of  China  ( in  ('hinese)  l)y  TuNO  Sum  IT.VN(i.  In  spelling  of  geographic  names,  the 
map:- and  te.xt  follow  the  ro>tal  (luitle  of  the  (iovernment  Tost  Otlice  and  the  China  Iidand  !\li->ion 
Atlas  for  the  most  part,      (^uite  a  lumdier  of  the  illustrations  were  specially  made  for  this  work. 


PREFACE 

This  Geography  pays  special  attention  to  Cliina's  resources  and  railways,  because  students, 
Avho  wish  to  be  useful  to  their  country,  may  well  study  facts  so  important  to  progress.  Care  has  been 
taken  to  show  how  the  improvements  in  industry  can  be  made  to  aid  national  greatness. 

As  this  book  describes  China  for  Cldnese  students,  the  student's  point  of  view  has  been 
remembered.      It  is  hoped  the  book  will  help  the  student  in  the  study  of  his  country  and  her  affairs. 

During  the  three  years  of  jn-eparation,  the  writer  received  great  help  from  the  experience  and 
observation  of  his  friends  in  educational  work.  He  keeps  in  mind  the  kind  and  unfailing  assistance 
of  ^h:  Wang  Hsien-hua  of  the  China  National  Institute  and  of  Mr.  Tseu  Yih-zan  of  the  Kiang.su 
Provincial  College.  It  was  through  the  unwearied  labour  of  Mr.  Tsf.u,  that  full  use  was  made  of 
Chinese  geographical  works. 

HORATIO  B.  HAWKINS. 


SOOCHOW, 

Ai'iMi.  2.").  1011. 


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PHYSICAL  MAP  OF  T 


1' 


^^cale,  1 :  15,0<>0,000 
0  250         500  1000 


-I  -fa 


E  CHIIVESE  EMPIRE 


Geography   of   China 


THE   CHINESE  EMPIRE 

Ana  4,-_'77,170  .«//'«/•(    iiiili.-<  Population  ^fid.OOO.OnO 

Capital,   PEKING  {:Jb  'M) 


I'.IO'.l   Foixiijn    Trade  of  Cliiiui 
,,      E.rportcd  to  Foreign  Countries 
,,      Imported  from  Forcicii  Couiitriei- 


lli<.  taels  780,0;j],'.|-)',l 
,,  ,,  350,883,353 
„       ,,      430,048,606 


C^IIINA  is  till'  <il(lc-t  (if  tilt'  wDrM's  _ij;rcat  ciiipires.  No  ein])in'  lias  more  pt'ople.  ami  oiilv  two 
y  (the  British  and  Kiis-iaii  )  ]\:i\r  imirc  hiinl.  '{"he  ("hiiirsc  i'.iii])irL'  is  lar>iiT  than  the  (•(nitiiicnt  t»f 
KuroiH',  hoth  ill  area  and  pnpuhition.  The  ahiindant  jirodtttihiua  of  her  fertile  plains,  her  u;reat  stores 
of  useful  minerals,  her  forest  and  animal  le-ouices.  make  China  one  of  the  eountries  riehest  in  nalaral 
wealth. 


Natural  Features.  China  is  a  conntry  with  varied 
natural  ftatuie-.  lii  Tibet  (|f  IJiJtl  she  lias  sumo  of  tiie 
world's  liighest  mountains  and  the  sources  of  Asia's 
longest  rivers;  in  Mongolia  (^'f^)  and  Sinkiani,^  (^  ^;;!.* 
slic  lias  hroad  plateaux.  Manchuria  (fifi  jWI)  i^  ilivided 
into  two  rich  /7'('t'r-ra//t'//.s- with  mountain  horders,  while  tiie 
Ijghteen  Proi^iiices  have  some  aplnnd  plaina  in  the  west, 
hilt  loirldiid  plains  near  the  iinaitli^  nf  the  ureal  rivers. 

Mountains.  'Idie  /M/o^/r/.v  of  Cjnua  are  unarded 
l.y  loim  /w„</'-s  the  Altai  (Hf^^lU'  inid  the  Tien 
Shan  (^llj)  separating  Moiigulia  fnini  Russian  Siberia 
ti«l  It  ?'l  ffil  ;  the  Himalayas  (#  J!§  fi  ill )  keeping  apart 


Tin:  II1.M.M..VVA  ,Moi  NT.w.Ns  m:i;.n  kiio.m  a  .moi'nt.m.n  i.akk  in  Tiiiirr 


Tibet  and  Ihitish  Jixlia  (^J:  j^  PIJ  )%).  Tn  these  Tihetjiu 
mountains  arc  high  peaks  and  large  (jlacierx.  From 
tlie  Tibetan  .si/stem.  branches  spread  over  China,  making 
the  inland  provinces  niduntainous. 

Rivers.  The  chief  rivers  of  China  are  the  Yangtse 
k'iann  (jli-ffll)  and  the  Hwang  Ho  (|^MnI'.  The 
Yangtse  is  a  i)roducer  of  wealth,  while  the  Hwang  Ho 
is  a  destroyer  of  prosperity.  I><itii  may  lie  made  better 
servants  of  the  Empire  by  modern  engineering,  wliieh 
will  improve  tiiem  so  that  they  may  he  more  helpful 
both  to  commerce  and  agriculture.  The  Si  Kiang  t]§  i£) 
in  the  south,  waters  a  rich  and  fertile  valley.  The  I'ei 
llo  (S  M),  the  Sungari  (tij;}{£ 
xL),  the  Liao  (jg  MK  Hi.'  Han  (j^ 
?lC),  the  Siang  iVftiTK),  the  Min 
(HEfl),  the  Kan  ($ftil)  are  all 
ust'fnl  rivers. 

Islands.  Along  the  coast  of 
('liina  are  many  islands,  especially 
in  Kwangtung  [JSi'^),  Fukien 
<i|i(iiit),  <'hekiang  (?•{)?  tt)  and 
Sliantiing  (  Uj  5^  '  I'rovinces.  The 
largest  island  is  Hainan  (jfi^ifjl, 
otV  the  southern  part  of  Kwang- 
tung, while  the  most  populous 
is  Tsnngming  (  •;|;-  HJ)  I,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  ^'angtsc.  Hongkong 
(#?S)  is  a  commercial  island 
city.  Chusan  (i^l-lij)  in  Chekiang 
has  great  advantages  as  a  vaval 
base. 

Peninsulas.  China's  greatest 
peninsula     is     the      mountainous 


GE0GK.\P1IY    OF    CHINA 


■TiOiMl 

WKt^i 

,.        ■       -      .'7:  •;■--■  t-  ....  .  . 

...    ^,     JO--- '^.-^^ 

temperate  climate,  though  part  of  the  far  soutli  is  semi- 
ti-oiiic-al.      Ill  tlie  /;(/tr(07- and  ill  the  north   the   summer 


Canal  ciiOKKi)  w  irii  iuiai.s 


eastern  part  of  Shantung  Province.    In  Fengtien  (^5^), 

the  Liaotung  (j^!^)  PeninsuUi,  whicli  lias  great  niilitarv     is  ^v 


West  L.\ki;.  IIam.i  imw 

inner  and  the  winter  colder  than  in  the  eastern  and 
southern  coast  provinces.  Tlie  Tiljetan  Plateau  is 
extremely  cold  in  winter.  The  rainfall  is  heaviest  in 
the  coast  provinces  south  of  the  Yangtse  and  in 
the  upland  jirovinces  of  the  west  and  southwest. 
North  China  and  tiie  dependencies  have  a  diy 
climate. 

Harbours.  China  has  a  long  curt.s/  line  with 
good  harbours  in  every  coast  province.  The  best 
natural  liarhours  are  found  in  Kwangtung,  Fukien, 
Chekiang  and  Shantung,  though  in  Kiangsu  and 
Chihli  (i§l^)  rivcr-iitoiitlts  like  tliose  of  tiie 
Yangtse  and  Pel  lio  have  harbours  with  great 
commerce.  Shanghai  (Ji  j§)  is  the  aiillAi.  of 
(.'entrai  China,  and  Tientsin  (5c^)  is  tiie  nutlet 
of  North  China.  In  order  to  keeji  their  trade,  river 
harbours    must    have    great   iinprovemeiit.     These 


Tl  NCTIXO   L.\KE 

importance,  has  i)ecn  Icuxcd  to  the  Japanese. 
In  the  soutli  is  the  Luichow  (ilj  ^'1)  Peninsula  in 
Kwangtung. 

Lakes.  In  tlie  Eighteen  Provinces,  (lie 
largest  lakes  are  Tinigting  Lakr  (iH^lJiyj)  of 
Hunan  (tiMlft"),  Poyang  Lake  (SBfiitiy])  of  Kiaiig- 
si  (tlig)  and  the  Taihti  {-i^M)  between 
Chekiang  and  Kiaiigsu.  .\nioiig  small  lakes.  Si 
Hu  (MtSS)  in  Chekiang  and  Erh  Ilai(vJf  j{tj) 
in  Yunnan  arc  famous  for  their  beauty.  In  the 
depemhnricK,  the  greatest  lake  is  Ching  Ilai  (  pf 
■(H)  or  Koko  Nor.  Tilx't  has  also  many  beautiful 
mountain  lakes. 

Temperature  and  Rainfall.     An  empire 


so  laree  as  China  must  1 


lave 


a  varied  climate. 


0)1  the  whole,  the  Eighteen  Pi'oviuccs  enjoy  a 


AVixTEi;  seE.\E  i.v  the  Xoitni 


IXTKODUCTION 


A.VKIV 


CiiKruo 

liarbours  arc  Li'iii";'  nuule  deeper  and   more  siiitaMe  i'm 
large  steamers   by   tlie   engineers  of   river  conservaiici/. 
The    inlets  of   the   sea  and    vxikrii'fii/s   in    many    jiarts 
of  tlie    Empire    can    be 
made    safer   and    better 
liy  engineering  improve- 
ments. 

Ancient  "Works  of 
Engineering.  JiKuilier 
time;*,  ("liina  iiail  very 
skilful  engineers.  Great 
examples  of  ancient  en- 
gineering,   such   as    tlie 

drcat  ir<///(;»;MS*£), 

the  Grand  Vnnul  (JSlillii 
X^) ,  the  iron  bridges  of 
Yunnan     (|>   |^),     tiie 


<.iATE    IX    Tin;    (iltKAT    W.MI, 


stone  bridges  of  (lie 
Yangtse  1  «//(■_)/  {%  ^  fll 
iifdMt  and  the  irriyalion 
si/.s/,  ,11  of  Szechwan,  re- 
uiaiii  to  show  us  how 
Will  -  understood  were 
some  of  the  needs  of 
tlic  country.  The  Great 
Wall  is  about  1,250  miles 
long.  The  Grand  Canal 
nuinccts  Tientsin  with 
llaiigchow  (lit'jfl),  cross- 
ing the  Vangtsi'  Kiang 
:d  Chinkiang  (MHO- 


.\   i;i!ii)(in  .NE.M!  Suociiow 


.XujNli    TIIK   (illASD   CaX.M. 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    CIIIXA 


KWANGTUNG     iB  M  ^1 

Area  100,000  square  miles  Population  32,000,000 

CAPITAL,  CANTON     iM  ')M 


Kwangtuncr  is  the  richest  proviuco  of  South  China,      (viliyii).      Swatow  has  a  larov  coasting  trade.      Its  chief 
Ivwangtung  men,  hy  their  energy   and  enterprise,  have     exj)ort  is  sugar. 

gained  success  in  many  parts  of  the  world.  In  the  Si  Kiang  dil/n  are  a  grouj)  of  treaty  j)orts, — 

The  province  is /or  </iC  vno.s/.  yx///   hilly.      The  most     Canton,   Sanishni     ( 7X  !f4t.     :"i'I     Kongmoon     (fll   P^  I . 

fertile  region   is  the   valley   of  the   Si   Kiang  or   West     Hweichow  ( ,^. 'j'H  ),  though  named  in  //vr(//c.s-,  is  not  yet 

opened.      These  ports  trade   mainly   with    Hongkong   hy 
river  stt'amers. 

Canton  or  Kwangdiowfu  is  a  great  ftliijipiiu/  ccutrc, 
and  should  ix'  a  gi'eat  railway  centre.  It  was  the  first 
city  to  jiave  dii'cct  tradi/  with  Ivn'opc,  and  is  to-day  the 
chief  commeri'ial  outlet  for  the  southern  lU'oviuces. 
The  city  is  huilt  in  tlie  fertile  delta  country,  at  a  jioint 
where  many  rivers  meet.  The  city  has  iiihtnd  trade 
with    Kwangsi    (^1^),    Ilunan    and    Kiangsi    (fT.  M'- 


'I'VCK  Al.    SCIOM:,     I\U   UNi.nMi 

River.  The  waterways  are  passable  in  many  directions. 
This  makes  Imnnportation  very  convenient  and  pros- 
perous. The  West  River  is  the  (jreal  highimij  for 
steamerfi. 

The  coast  line  of  Kwangtung  is  eight  hundred 
long,  and  has  a  number  of  good  hai'bours.     There  are  no 
less  tlian  eight  tnah/  ports  and  ntsloiiis  staiions. 


■"iii'i'ici;   r.ciAT 


miles      and  exports  silk  and   tea   to   Hongkong   and    kan-op,:   i  jsiH; 

H  EL  '>H  t .      The   )■„.  h-lluu  Hail  wo  II  (  %  iH  M  S^  )  should 

make  Canton    rjelier.    and   the    Co iiloo-k'dU'lddo    Ihn'ijh 

In  tlie  north-east  of  the   Province  is   a    rich    ],lain,      MS^K^I   will    iinivase  Canton's  tra.le   with    Ih.ngkong. 

whose  most  important  political   city   is  Ch'aochowfu  {j|?      Sinming  tDf'inlH^)  has  a   small    railway  whieli  is  doing 

'>H  M)  >  i^nd  whose  commercial  port  is  Swatow  (Shantao)      well. 


!S»  AluH 


TA.  VT-  yNG 


PrOVISCIAI,  CoLLEliK,    CaNToN 


J-  iVL-'-n'i.v    ;  I  »  i.i:,    C'.'.NI  i\ 


Four    IN    Tllf;    I'EARl.    KlVKH.    C'VVTO.V 


TJIE    ri;(i\IXCK    OF    KWANGTUXG 


and  Indo-Clnna  (PP/gj^Sr>l.  Hoiiiow  Harbour  is  in 
great  need  of  iinprovonicnt.  Tiic  interior  of  Hainan  is 
wild  anil  liigli.  There  are  forests  on  the  mountain-sides. 
If  |ir(>ipciiv  developed,  Ilaiiian  might  he  as  rieh  as 
Ceylon  (  $8  |j^j  J^^,  i .      ]t  has  mineral  wealth. 

In  l.uichow  Peninsula,  Kwangehow  Bay  (}§{  >)]]  j^ ) 
and  i~lanils  were  leased  to  the  French  as  a  naval  l)ase. 


A    STliKKT    IX    CaXT(1N 


Ijhikini;  diihn  into  ]'',ii;iitki;\tii  .-  iukht,  Caxiiin 

Shiuchow  ( i5J5 'J^^  I ,   wheiv   roads   from    Ilunaii    and 

Kiang^i   j'>in,    .-^iiould    be   an    iniii'irlant   station    on    the 

^'nt•h-IIall  Kail  way. 

The  southwestern    part  of  the   Province  is  moun-      but    the    harbour    iuis     proved     unsuitable    for    naval 

tainous.      Palchoi  (  ^t  T?*'-  ''^  treaty  port,  has  decreasing      jiurposcs. 

trade.  Macao  i  i!Ji  1"]  I ,  a  Porlugnese  .sfYZ/rjoc/)/  on  an  island 

Hainan  is  a  tropir;d  island,  a  large  part  of  wliiili  is      at  the  mouth  of  the   West   Iliver,    has  a  good    name    for 

vixlevelojxil.      Its  principal   city  is  Kiungchow  (  5^ -111  i .      its  lieaiitiful  situation.      Its  harbour  is  shallow,  and  the 

whose  port,  Ilojliow  (  ff;>  Ml .  li:is  tiade  with    Hongkong      trade  is  small.     There  is   a   Chiue.-;e   custouis  station    at 

Lappa  or  Kinigpeh  (  ^l[  ^t  )• 

irongkong,  a  15iitish  island, 
JK-ar  the  mouth  of  the  West  River, 
is  one  of  the  world's  greatest 
coimnercial  cities.  In  some  j-ears, 
more  ships  come  to  Hongkong 
than  to  any  port  of  Kin-ope. 
1  bmgkong  (lourishes  partly  because 
"f  its  gootl  locdlldu  and  line 
iiarbour,  but  nuu-e  because  of  the 
wise  pitlirii  of  the  English  govern- 
iiKot.  There  is  no  ta.K  on  trade 
ai  Hongkong.  On  the  peuinsula 
"pposite  the  island  is  Kowioon  (^L 
,',[1. )  with  many  great  wharvcH  and 
<l"i-l:.<.  Hongkong  has  an  enor- 
mous trade   with  China,  which   in 


(  '  \\  l<tN    \\  \  I  i:i;l  );<  '\  l 


GKCXiKArilV    OF   cniXA 


- 

^ 

.-J 

1 

^Ull^IL.^ 

^  -^ 

&K^t^>id 

1—. 

^nffHaja  1  ■,  • 

l^i 

^ 

Macac 


some  years  is  more 
than  2o0, 000, 000  tads. 
Hongkong  exports  to 
Europe  all  Chinese  pro- 
•liu-ts,  and  imports  from 
abroad  whatever  C'liina 
needs.  Tlie  chief  'in- 
dustries of  Hongkong- 
are  cotton-spin  ning, 
siigar-re  fining,  ship- 
Imililing  anil  repairing, 
cement-making  and 
flour -milling.  Hon  g- 
kong  is  also  a  milHanj 


FiSIIINd    .ilXKS    IN    MaiAii    II\KI!i>(K 


I->ni;lish  wish  to  make 
Ih)iigknnn'  a  centre  of 
Chinese  education. 

Kwangtung  pro- 
duces rice,  tobacco, 
sugar,  silk,  tea,  san- 
(hihcooil ,  nn'ilicine,  gin- 
ger, and  many  kinds  of 
fruit,  such  as  Helices, 
'pineapples,  and  oranges. 
Tliere  are  stores  of  coal 
and  iron,  though  these 
ai-c  ndt  mueii  devel- 
oped. 


IIoXGKONG 


In  a  tka-iiuN(.,  (^\mox 


station  and 
people  live 


The  seafaring  people   of   the   coasts    have   a    large 


fishing  industry. 

There  are  important  art  industries,  such  as  ivory- 

earving,     embroidery,    fine     tveaving,     and     poreelain- 

Four  hundred  thousand  Clunese     decorating.     Silk,   straw-matting,   and   cotton   cloth   are 


naval  t)ase 
in  Hongkong  and  share  its  fortunes.     The     some  of  tiie  imiH)rtant  inaim/aetures. 


-:^--;|gMif- 

':i      P^  fl^B^B^H 

y 

'   *  ■  '•  •'•"^^^^f''i      '^-  ... 

i^^^^^^^^^^^H 

.-■4'^^^^^iF -^^J^^^^^^IW 

Jl^^^^^^^^^^^H 

A   (JRAVE    IX   SulTHIiKX   ClIlXA 


THE    PROVINCE    OF    KAVANGSI 


KWANGSI    (f^  M  1*?) 

Area  78,000  square  miles  Population  S,000,000 

CAl'lTAL,    KWKILIX     (tt  >^  If^) 


Kwangsi  is  the  province  of  the  upper  Si  Kiang  and 
small  steamers  may  run  from  AVuelmw  (toffl/^)  to 
Naniiin-fu  CM^M)- 


and  where  goods  are  changed   from  small  ships  to 
large  ones. 

The  treaty  port  of  Nanningfu  is  the  most 
important  city  on  the  upper  \\'eHt  Hivcr. 

Kwcilin,  the  capital,  is  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  the  province,  on  the  Kwei  River.  It  is  an  old 
walled  city.  The  mountain  and  river  scenery  are 
very  fine. 

Pinglo  (^^M)  is  a  city  in  forest  country  on 
the  Kwei  I\iver,  half  way  hetwccn  Kweilin  and 
Wuchdw.  Liuchowfu  (WjHiJ^t  and  Kingyiian  (^ 
j^^Jarein  the  muiintaiuuns  etntial  districts  and 
have  forest  products. 


Esi>  viKvv.   RRin.F  OVER  I'ki'a.n   ICia.m. 


The  trade  is  mainly  hy  water,  nn<l  iiDOs  nmstly  to 
Kwangtung.  Kwangsi  has  mineral  wealth,  which  as 
yet  is  undcvelupcd.  The  pruvince  has  been  made  puoi- 
by  frequent  political  troubles. 

On  the  southwest,  Kwangsi  touches   j-'rcncli  Indn- 
China.     The  treaty  port  of   Lungcliow   (nEiW)   is  the     ^^ 
gate  by  which  trade  passes  across  the  border. 

Wuchow,    the    treaty    port   lying    where    the    West      '^^J^ 
Kiver  meets  the  Kwei  River  (/fJiiE),  is  the  eastern  gate 
of  Kwangsi.      Like  Ilanknw  li^  P  )  on   the  Yangtse,  so 
Wuclmw  on  the  Si  Kiang  is  a  port  wlicie   rivers   meet. 


-<;5^ 


Uai'Iii  UN  nil:   \\"i;st   I\ivi:u 

Siinchnwln  (^<$'j1i  jff  I  is  at  the  meeting  place 
..t  ilic  Ilunuslini  ( i^'v  7K)  and  the  West  IJivcr. 

k'wcihsicn  (  iH' Sl^.  I  has  mineral  wealth,  but 
poor  iiuthnds  prevent  pi'oper  ileveli>j>ment. 

I'osfh  CS"  fii),  (in  the  Yu  Kiang  (;&il),  is  a 
small  town  where  Kwangtung  traders  jiass  tlie 
i;aic  tu  Yunnan. 

It  is   planned    tu    biiild    railways    wliicii    will 

i'ljn  this  province  to   iicar-hi/  lands,  and   help  to 

ipcn  up  the   niini'ral    wealth    of  soulhern    China. 

Kwangsi   has    mines  of    gold,   silver,  and    other 

metals  waiting  to  be  developed. 


\v,. .,..,. 


r.KOGRArilY    OF    CHINA 


YUNNAN  (S  1^^  ^1 

Area   I  J.".J)00  square  miles  P'opuhitu.ii  ,S,000,OUU 
CAl'lTAL,  YUNNANFU     {M  ^  M) 

Yunnan,  thoiiLili  iinw  Dili' of  tlie   jioore^t  provinces,  tlie  rivers  of  suutlieast   Asia    llow    tlirou<;li    narrow  and 

niav  some  (lay  Ijc  one  of  tlie    rieiiest.      ^'nnnan    is   poor  unliealtliy   valU'Vs  till  they   eross   the   Chinese   I'mntier. 

in  agrieulture,  but   rieli    in    mineral^.      Modern   raihvay-  The  high  moinitains  lyini;   between   these  valleys  make 
bnildinii"  and  mining'  will    make   her   rieb   and  populous 


SoMK  PKDi'i.i;  AT  T.M.I  re 

as  she  shii\ild  be.  But  the  mines  and  railways  of 
Ynnnau  should  be  operated  and  owned  by  Chinese,  and 
shoulil  help  lo  make  China  strong  and  rich.  Modern 
methods  used  l)y  Chine^se  engineers,  mcreliants  and 
officials  will  make  Yunnan  like  a  new  province. 


AVaiek  waKia. 


it  very  hard  to  build  railways  across  Yunnan.  IJut   tlie 

skilful    engineers    believe    that    railways    may  be    built 

ahniist  anywhere,  and  the  minerals  of  Yunnan  will   i)ay 
for  her  railwavs. 


.    f  .-•■■:- :.     ■ 


Miill-\-M-Mi:i)-\N     I'.Vi.l'IlAS    AT    T.M.I  IT 

Yunnan  sutfered  very  much  from  the  MuhaiuDudan. 
irln'llio)is  in  the  reigns  of  Hicnfeng  and   TumirliUi ,  and 
now  has  fewer  people  and  less  mining  and   farming  and 
Yunnan    is   a  kihlcland,    iiuu-h   of  which   is  a  mile     trading  than  before  that  time.     The  cities  of  Yunnan  are 
or   more  above   the   sea.     In    this  tableland,    niaiiv  of     small  as  a  result  of  that  terrible  time  of  rebellion. 


I  >I;N.\.ME.\'K    of    MolM'AIV    TiaitE.-i 


K«AN   Yin  mi.\n,    YrNN.\.> 


Wl'    HUA   !~UAX,    Yl.nna.n 


HaI    HsiN   TlN<i,    ViNNAN 


THE    PROVIXCK    OF    YINNAN 


^'unll:^llt'll  is  in  the  centre  of  the  IVuvinee  on 
^'unnall  l.aki'.  The  French  railway  now  brings  it 
witliin  tliirty-six  liours  of  tlic  Tongking  (3^  ]^) 
border.  Tlie  most  fertile  part  of  tlie  tableland  is 
near  Yunnanfn. 

Talifii  (icMM^  is  a  l)eautifu!  city  on  the 
sliores  of  Kill  llai,  the  mountain  lake.  Formerlj', 
it  was  a  great  city,  but  now  many  towns  have  more 
jieople.  Talifu  has  some  lra<le  with  Burma  (^'fej ), 
]>v  way  of  Tengyueh  (Bi&^\  and  Hhamo  (  (2,  j^'). 

Tuii-cliwan  (:^jl|;ff)  and  ('lia.itniii:  I IR  jjji 
If.]-)  arc  on  the  northern  road  to  Szechwan  i  H  Jl|  i . 


Yunnan  has  three  treaty  ports, — Mengtsz  ( 


^ 


■^Ai.L    ui:i.i.~. 


Q  m  I  Szemao  ( ffi.  >f-  W  -'nd  Tengyueh.  All  three 
arc  on  the  tableland,  1ml  far  away  from  each  other. 
.Mcngtsz  is  on  the   railway  to   Indo-China,  Szemao 


Yunnan  produces  everything  neces.sary  for 
supporting  a  large  population.  Its  chief  agricul-' 
tural  product  has  in  the  past  been  o[)iuni,  but  the^ 
Guverniiuiil  is  now  making  tlie  farmers  plant  other' 
crops  to  take  its  place.  Rice,  sugar  and  tea  are* 
rai.sed.  The  Province  produces  good  fruits  and 
medicines,  and  has  much  tinil"  r. 

The  principal  minerals  are  copper,  lead,  zinc, 
tin,  coal,  iron,  gold  and  salt.  China  has  been 
importing  copper  for  cash  from  abroad,  but  by- 
and-by  foreign  countries  will  buy  their  i-oppcr 
from  Yunnan. 

The  Province  has  good  grass  for  cattle,  and 
ponies,  mules,  sheep  and  jjigsare  raised  e.vtensively. 
^'unnan  ham  is  famous  all  over  China.  When 
railways  are  built.  'S'unnan  will  supply  the  outside 
markets  with  nual.  skins  and  furs.  ; 


KorE    IIK.NI:,    YlNI>I<i.NA 


J.iMi    Hai,    iiii;   i.AKi;  m;ai;    i'Ai.iri' 

on  the  road  to  the  Laos  country  ("^ 
^)  north  of  Siam  (ji^:l,  and 
Tengyueh  on  the  road  to  Burma. 
The  trade  is  small,  and  largely  by 
caravan.  The  railway  is  making 
^      Mcngtsz  more  important. 

The  roads  over  the  mountains 
'<(  ^'unnan  are  so  bad,  that  it  takes 
Icn  days  to  go  fnnii  Yunnanfu  to 
Talifu.  It  may  take  almost  three 
months  to  cross  the  province  from 
east  to  west.  Yunnan  needs  railways 
that  will  bring  her  closer  to  China, 
nut  railways  that  will  bring  her  close 
[n  foreign  possessions.  The  im]>or- 
tant  railways  for  Yunnan  will  come 
from  Szechwan,  Kwangsi  and  Kwci- 
chow  (i'liHit,  and  not  from  French 
Indo-Chiua  or  British  Burma. 


10 


GKOUIIAI'IIV    OF    CHINA 


KWEICIIOW     {m.  'j'li  ^) 

Area  BT.UUU  «iuare  miles  Population   S,000,000 

CAPITAL,  KWEIYANG     {Mi  1^  M) 


Kweichow  is  a   po..r  and   mountainous  inland  pro-      Tung  Ting  Lake  iP^fj^i.      Two  Kweichow  rivers  form 
vince,  with  a  small  population.      More   tlian   half  of  the      the  Hungshui  Kiver  of  Kwangsi. 

people  are   not  Chinese,  but   are   Miaot: wild   tribes,  The  Nan  Ling  Mountains  T^SilUM)  cross  Kwei- 

chow  from  Yunnan  to  Hunan.  This  ridge  is  sometimes 
called  Miao  Ling  (ffi^l),  as  it  is  the  home  of  the  wild 
Miao  tribes.  These  mountainous  pai'ts  of  the  province 
are  hard  to  attack,  but  easy  to  defeml.  So  the  savage 
tribes  do  not  disappear  as  they  have  in  some  other 
provinces.  Some  of  the  Miaot/.e  ai-e  adopting  the 
customs  of  Ciiinesc  civilization,  but  their  wilder  tribes 
live  in  caves. 

The  Wu  Ling  Mountains  (j^l^lUilR)  are  in  the 
east  and  north  of  Kweichow.  The  mountains  of  the 
province  have  forest  as  well  as  mineral  wealth. 

Tsitsingkwan  (-tl  M  ^)  i'l  <be  west  is  a  gate  where 
the  roads  from  three  provinces  (Szechwan,  Kweichow 
and  Yunnan)  meet.  It  trades  with  Luchow  ("ZS'Jtl)  on 
I  he  Yangtse. 

In  the  eastern  or  lower  part  of  the  province,  a 
number  of  towns  are  located.  Among  these  towns  near 
the  places  where  rivers  cross  the  Hunan  border  are 
Szemm  {}S,1^  M'' ,  Tungjen  (§^ilM),  Szechow(@.im 
jf)  and  Liping  (^  ^^  }^) . 

Kweichow  has  not  many  farmers  and  cannot 
jiroduce  enough  hnn]  for  hi'r  own  needs.  She  has  a 
good  snjiply  of  horses,  oxen  and  slicep. 


.MlAUTZK 

who  havi^  been  conquered  by  Chinese.  They  rebelled 
when  the  Mohammedans  and  7a ////////.s-  made  trouble, 
but  were  suppressed. 

Kweichow  is  poor  l)ccause  undeveloped.      It  is  not  a 
good  province  for  agriculture.     The  chief  products  have 
been  opium  and  timber.     The  roads  are  very  bad 
and  the  trade  is  small.     Kweichow  being  an  inland 
province  far  from  the  sea,  the   pi-oducts  go  only  to 
neai'by  provinces,  especially  Kwangsi  and  Hunan. 

Kweichow  is  rich  in  minerals,  but  these 
minerals  are  not  properly  mined.  (jnichsihmr, 
zinc,  lead,  nitre,  sidpbur,  cojiper,  coal  and  iron 
are  found. 

Kweiyang,  in  the  centre  of  thr  province,  is 
important  as  an  official  city,  rather  than  as  a  place 
of  trade.  It  is  in  the  centre  of  a  rich  mineral 
district.  The  road  from  Hunan  to  Yunnan  passes 
through  Kweiyang.  The  city  has  manufactures  of 
silk,  iiorsehair,  and  leather.  Kweiyang  is  well 
guarded  by  nature,  for  there  are  narrow  jjasses 
defending  the  roads  to  the  city. 

The  rivers  of  Kweichow  are  ra])id.  The  \\u 
(.^tt)  flows  to  the  Yangtse ;  the  Yuan   (^tC)  to 


.SCEN"!-:    nx    TlUC    Wc    KlVNIi 


INi-|'ii   Yvr  Ti  N-     I. 


LiM.nnsn:s,   Kwiiuimw,   simwiMt  rm  Ciiv  W.u.i. 


KWKICHOW    SCKNKRV 


-■fia^^ti" 


Scene  ox  the  Wc  Kiasg 


■i  «r 


TiiMii  IT    Kim.    Miv   m     II  v\.    Idmimhw 


\\    VN    .■•IU>1      lililDIlK,     FliUlMllU 


llLNG   ^iiAN   LliaiK.i;,    l''o(ain>w 


TIIK    I'KOVIXfK    OK    KIKIEX 


11 


FUKIEN    (i^  ^  fj) 

Areii  4i;,onn  siniiirc  luik's  ruiiulaliun  '2(1,(1(1(1.(1(10 

CAI'lTAI,.    l<i(»(    lloW      (jfg  ^11  )l^) 


Fukk'ii  lias  an  irregular  coastline,  with 
some  gootl  harbours  ami  uuuiy  small  islands. 
The  rivers  of  Fukien  run  rapidly  from  the 
mountains  to  the  sea,  and,  excepting  a  part  of 
thf  Mill  River  (li^jX),  arc  not  good  for  com- 
merce. The  people  living  near  tiie  coast  are 
skilful  and  hrave  fishers  and  sailors.  A  large 
part  of  th(!  ]>rovince  is  so  mountainous  that 
agriculturf  is  dilliruH. 

Fukien  is  a  great  tea  province.  If  the  tea 
trade  of  China  were  prosjx'rous,  Fukien  would 
be  rich,  liut  at  present  thi^  export  of  tea  is 
falling  off,   because  other   parts  of  the   woild 


produce  tea  without  having  to  pay  so  mu(di  for 
fri  i(jhi  and  taxes. 

Many  l'"ukien  uien  have  gone  to  tiie  countries 
south  of  China,  and  some  of  them  have  become 
very  ri(di. 

Fukien  jirodiices  tea,  bamboo,  timber,  sugar, 
filKtrk'sfiiis,  paper,  lanpier,  fruit,  salt,  woven  cloth 
and  ramjyhor. 

Fukien  and  Chekiang  together  form  the  Min-che 
^u'ceroi/allt/.     The  viceroy  resides  at  Foochow. 

Fukien  has  three  treaty  ports, — Ft)ocho\v, 
Aiiioy  iIS£  |"3  )  .ukI  Santuao  (H  ffl!  i%}- 

Foochow,  the  capital,  is  some  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  tlie  Min   Itiver.     Steamers  anchor  near 


'I'm:   r.iinii.i;  "i    'I'tn  Tin 


v\i.     \^.i  -,    I  ' 


-^^^^^^^^ 


IhUii 


>.\.STAI,    KliH  lliiW 


the  arsiiicd  at  Mamoi  or 
I'agoda  \-hnu\  {}*!,  jt  fol, 
on  the  river  a  few  miles 
lielow.  The  mouth  of  the 
river  is  guarded  by  forts. 
Foochow's  commerce  is  not 
so  great  as  in  the  lime 
when  the  tea  trade  was 
llourishing.  .\  ra  i  1  way 
from  Hankow  to  Fooehow 
would  rnrnish  a  new  outlet 
r.ir  the  trade  of  central 
China,  and  improve  the 
fortunes  of  Ilupeh  (JAH-lt*, 
Kiangsi  and  Fukien. 

Ainoy  is  a  tine  har- 
boiH',  which  formerly  bail  a 
great  trade  in  tea.      It  has 


12 


GEOGRArnV    OF    CHINA 


:^i 


T 


Chin  Shan  Pacioda.  Fixkiioxv 


li^^?^ 


ijgA^a'gM^i&^^r'  ms 


SQI'AUI!    PaCODA,    Fl'KIEN 


innch  steamer  trade  witli  Rliangliai  and  Hongkong,  and 
Jaunt-h  trade  witli  nearln-  districts.  Tlie  jieople  of  Fnkien 
are  building  a  railway  to  run  inland  from  Amoy. 
Santuao  is  more  important  for  naval  tlian  for  commercial 
purposes.     Small  steamers  carry  tea,  to  Fooehow. 

Jn  the  time  of  the  Yuan  Di/itaslij,  C'lmanchow  {')\]  ^) 
was  a  great  port,  from  which  sliips  saileil  to  all  coasts 
of  Asia. 

Kienniug  (^  ib)  ami  ^'cnpiiig  (JE  q^-)  are  inland 
tea-producing  districts. 


Aucii  co.mmi;m(ihatimi  vu  touy  ovuit  Tin-:  Ditch,   Fi  kii« 


Tsasg  CniEN  Shax,  Fikien 


THE    TROVINOE    OF    CHEKIANG 


13 


CHEKIANG    (rfr  n\  1*4) 

Area  SO, 700  square  mik-s  ropulation  12.000.000 

CAIMT.VL,    lIANtiClloW      {^Ji  j\'\  H^) 

Cliokiaiig  is  a  province  of  wuodeil  liills  and  tVrlilc  Tliou<;li    a    small    province,    Ciiekiang 

valleys.     Tlie  west  and  south  are  mountainous  and  have     ]irodu(ir.     The  best  silk,  tea  and  wine  in 


not  so  many  people  as  the  richer  districts  east  and  nurth. 
The  inland  hills,  the  many  rivers  and  the  island  groups 
on  the  coast  make  Ciiekiang  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
provinces. 

The  (irand  Canal  passes  through  the  fertile  n>irtli(  ru 
plain  to  llaiigcliow.  Canals  and  rivers  afi'ord  a  good 
u'litir-riiiih-  to  Shanghai.  The  Tsien  Tang  liiver 
( 15  1^  ill)  drains  most  of  the  inlerior. 

Ciiekiang  people  are  very  enterprising  and  in  some 
ways  have  set  an  excellent  exaiupli'  to  the  people  of  oiher 
provinces.  Chekiang  money  and  ("hekiang  engineers 
built  a  good  railway  northeast  from  irangchow.  making 
the  province  liclier. 


re    Chekiang    products.     Cotton,    bamboo 


IS   a  great 

the  Empire 

medicine. 


i^ 


d 


ri.Ni;  III   CiuL   Yli;ii,   Wt.sr  Lakk 

furniture,  rice,  fish  and  varnish  are  other  important 
ai-ticles  produced  in  Chekiang. 

The  northern  part  of  the  province  is  the  more 
prosperous,  because  the  fertile  lands  are  crossed 
i>y  canals  and  rivers,  on  which  many  steam 
launches  carry  Chekiang  products  to  their  markets. 
The  railway  from    Hangchow  to  Shanghai  also  aids 


TiiiNDiai  l'i:.\K  r.u.iiUA,   Wi.-i    I.iki; 


the  development  of  the  north.  Southern  Chekiang 
is  in  great  need  of  railways  to  bring  inlaml  products 
to  the  coast,  and  promote  industry  ami  trade. 

The  sliort  and  rapid  rivers  could  furnish  ivaler- 
poucr  to  make  Chekiang  a  great  industrial  province. 


14 


UEOdltAl'HY    OF    f'HIXA 


. 

tS»-"^ 

■^;:','pv^?^^-:"cl|f  -1 

4)Jm 

I^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B  ^^H^BJ^^^^^^^^L^--^*                   -lia^a^H 

^w.        — ■•"" 

ff<! 

• 

San  Tan  Yin   Viicii   r\\iLinN  i>n  .Mui-Lakh  Isi.anh,   Wicsi'  Lake,   IIanociiow 


Haiigchow,  capital  and  tivaty  port,  is  a  great  city 
between  the  beautiful  West  Lake  C^  \^\)  and  the  culiiarij 
of  the  Tsien  Tang.  Some  of  the  tinest  scenery  and  most 
famous  temples  in  the  Empire  are  near  Hangchow.  In 
the  Yuan  Dynasty,  a  Western  traveller,  named  Marco 
Polo,  dechiriMl  Ihat  Hangchow  was  the  most  splendi(i  of 
cities.  Tu-day  Hangchow  is  a  political,  conimei-cial  and 
educational  centre. 


W((i((j    VaiKj-iiiiini  (3E  ^ 
Bjl)  was  born. 

A\'encliow  (i',\i#ljt), 
tlu-  third  treaty  pnrt  df 
('hekiang,  has  little  traile. 
It  is  only  visited  by  one 
steamer,  and  that  one  does 
not  come  very  often. 

Tinghai  {'^UM),  "H 
Chnsaii  island  { M  \h  Is), 
is  suitable  for  a  naval 
station. 

Sanmcn  T.  ly  (  r.P'^ii) 
is  also  well  suited  for 
na\-al  purjioses. 

'i'he  beautiful  ^lhrille 
of  Putu  Shan  (^  Pb  lU), 
in  the  islands  northeast 
of  the  province,  is  visited 
b}'  many  pilyrims. 

The  or- 
chards of  Tai- 
chow(-^^-|;t), 
on  the  east 
coast,  produce 
clioicc  fruits. 
Shaolising 

( I?,  m  m  is  lui 
imjiurtant  com- 
mercial cit}'  on 
the  canal  be- 
tween       Hantr- 


PacODA,    SlIAOIISINIi 


Kki    IIsla   Kii,    Wkxciiuw 

Ningpo  (|^  jj!f  /ff )  is  a  treaty  port  from  which 
steamers  run  daily  to  Shanghai.  It  exports  con- 
siderable raw  cotton,  whicli  is  afterwanl  sent  to 
•lapan.  Some  of  the  cotton  is  woven  into  cloth  at 
mills  in  Ningpo  and  in  the  country  near  by. 
Many  Ningpo  people  live  in  Shanghai.  Furniture 
manufacturing  is  an  important  industry  of  Ningpo. 

In  tlie  Vuyao  District  (fij?  UlU),  ""*  bn-  from 
Ningpo,  the  great  statesman,  general  and   teacher, 


FEEnlNO   SILK    WORMS 


Islands^  ' 


Scale  1:3^(10,000 
50    25      0  50  100         150        MO 


ft  1        a» 

Oaa 


.Miii-I.AKK  Pavilion,   Wkht  Lakk,  IlAXcriiow 


.YL'    I'l.i    liNi;.    West   Laki;,   I1\nghio\v 


Gbnekai.  Yon  Fki's  T  mh,  neau  West  Lake 


THE     riU)VlN(K    OK    CIIKKIANG 


15 


chow  and  Ningpo.  Its  men  are  known  overywliere  as 
eood  merchants  and  acconntants.  It  is  famous  for  the 
production  of  wine. 


SlI.K    WORMS 

Kasliiiiir  [M^)^)  is  a  customs  station  on  tiie  canal 
route  and  railway  l)ctwcen  Ilangciiow  and  Slianghai. 
It  is  a  commercial  city,  cx[K)rting  silk,  fruit,  salt  and 
wood. 

IIucliow  ifAlJ'IH  J^) ,  in  the  northwest  of  the  province, 
is  a  few  miles  sciuth  of  the  Tai  IIu.     It  is  a  jrreat  silk 


centre.     Near  Iluchow  is  the  wealthy  city  of  Nanzing 

The  three  prefectures  of  Hangchow,  Iluchow  and 
Kasliing  produce  choice  tea,  tine  silk,  and  sen<l  large 
(juantities  of  (rilnite  rice  to  the  capital. 

Kinhwa  (##-iff)  is  an  inland  city,  producing  tea, 
varnish  and  ham. 

Travellers  come  to  Haining  ( jfej:  m 'HI )  to  see  the 
'■  J}orc  "  or  great  wave  in  the  estuarv  of  the  Tsien  Tang. 


IIainim;  Ska   Wall;   hoaoi  waitlsc;   iuk  nii:  IIam.hiow  IJokk 


Mii>i>Li:-i.AKP:  Island,  Wicst  I.akk 


IG 


GEOtillArnV    OF    CHINA 


Population   24,000,000 


KIANGSU    m  M  '^ 

Area  38,600  t^ciuare  miles 

CAPITAL  OF  LIANG-KIANG  (PJ«j  tL),   NANKING     (if  m) 
CAPITAL  (»F  KIANGSU,  SOOCHOW 


Kiaiigsu  is  not  a  large  pruvincc,  but  it  is  very  ricli.  trade-marts  mentioned  in  treaties.  Thei-e  is  a  customs 
It  is  a  fertile  plain  crossed  by  tlie  Yangtse  from  east  to  station  at  Woosung,  and  TungcJiow  is  a  port  of  call  for 
west,  and  by  the  Grand  Canal  fi-om  north  to  south.     The      river  steamers. 

land    has    no    high 

ridge,  so  the  waters 


waterways  are  most 
useful,    helping 
agriculture  Ijy  irri- 
gation,   and    com- 
merce   by   furnish- 
ing   Avater- roads. 
The    })rovince    has 
a  numl)er  of  lakes,  tiie  chief  of  which  are  the  Tai  IIu  in 
tlie  south  and   Ilungtze  IIu   (i^iffiSfl)    on    tlie    border 
between  Anhvvei(5 


;^)  and  Kiang- 
peh  {XLAVl- 

Kiangsu  suf- 
fered greatly  in  the 
Taiping  Ucbellion, 
but  (hu'ing  the  lifty 
years  that  have 
since  gone  by  lias 
recovered  its  former 
weaUh  and  }>opula- 
tion. 

South    of    the 


Yangtse,  tlie  garden  [ilain  of  Kiangnan  lill^) 
produces  great  supplies  of  rice,  silk  and  cotton. 
The  soil  is  very  fertiU-  and  is  well  irrigated  by  the 
branches  of  the  Yangtse,  the  Grand  Canal,  and 
the  Wliangpoo  (|^  M^  •  The  SIiaiuj]iai-jS'aitkii((j 
liailvxiij  (  M  m  Si  S&)  i'""s  across  this  productive 
belt  to  the  northwest,  and  the  Shanxjhai-Hawj- 
choiv  line  (jl  Inl  Si  2{^)  to  the  southw^est. 

Nortli  of  the  river  are  the  plains  of  Kiang- 
jn'ii.  Kiangpeh  has  many  waterways,  but  they 
do  not  help  agriculture  and  commerce  so  much 
as  those  of  Kiangnan.  '1  lie  farmers  of  Kiangpeh 
raise  wheat,  rice  and  cotton. 

Kiangsu  has  four  treaty  ports, — Nanking, 
Chinkiang  (^  0".  ifl") ,  Soochow  and  Shanghai. 
Woosung  (-^  U)  '"1^^  Tungchow  (^ji.  '}\] )  are  also 


Nanking  is  a  city  of  great  area  with  long  walls  and 

ligli  hills.     In  earlier  dynasties  it  was  the  capital  of  the 

flow  slowly.    These     ]^„,pij.p_     jt  jg  .^  gj-g^^  educational   centre   with  many 

special  schools,  founded  or  encouraged  b\'  H.E.  Tiian 
Fang  (t^'fi},  when  viceroy.  In  or  near  Nanking  are 
many  historic  ruins.  The  first  woiifPs  fair  in  China 
was  the  Nainjainj  Tmhtstn'al  Exhibition  held  in  Nanking 
in  1910.  It  sliowed  the  resources  of  the  different  pro- 
vinces and  the  products  of  Chinese  industries.  For 
many  j'ears  the  commei'ce  of  Nanking  was  not  very 
important,  but  now  that  it  is  to  be  a  railway  centre,  its 
outlook  is  much  improved.  On  the  river-bank,  outside 
the  walls,  is  Hsiakwan  (TP),  where  the  steamer- 
/((/(<?//((/.«  and  railway  station  are.  .lust  across  the  river 
is  Pukow  (Jif  P),  where  the  railway  from  Tientsin 
meets  the  river,  harge  f err ij-hoatii  will  carry  trains  from 
the  Shanghai-Nanking  Railway  across  the  Yangtse  to 
the  station  of  the  Tieiitsin-Pukow  Um  (vf:  rl  Si  S^)- 

Chinkiang  is  a  city  on  the  south  shore  of  the 
Yangtse,  where  it  meets  the  Grand  Canal.  There  is 
beautiful  island  and  hill  scenery  near  Ijy.  Steam 
laii.nclics  carrying  the  trade  of  Kiangpeh  connect  at 
Chinkiang  with  Yangtse  steamers.  There  is  a  Chinese 
electrlr-litjlit  .si/.s/c//;  at  Chinkiang.     Yangchow  (% 'M  M) 


Tkavi-.i.i.inii   iiv   \viikki,i:akko\v 


.m  J.I  ^ 


l,H»»«<,; 


Stoke  figubes,  Ming  Tombs,  N.\nking 


'Ji:.mi-m:  <>i-   C  inpk  n  s    Naxkim; 


The  Fivk-li  Uhad,     which  i.i-.ais  i-uum  Wrsiii  to  Wei  Ciiian  L'iiax 


..^ 


^ 


^ 


i'    m 


KlIXS   showing   the    entrance  to  the  CiRKAT 


AlDlKNCE  Hai.i.,   .Mis..    I'a)  v.  i,,    Nankin. 


'IIIK    rimVlNi  F.    Of    KIANGSU 


17 


is  a  famous  historic  city   nortli  of  tiie  Yanglsi'  opiiusiic      wealth,  ami  provide  imicli  of  the  inoney  in  foreign  loans. 

("iiiiikiaiig.     Not  far  below  C'liiiikiaiig.  well-placed  forts     Its  trading  companies  send  steamers  to  river  and  coast 

guard  the  river.  jiorts,  import  and  store  huge  quantities  of  piece-goods, 

Soochow  is  a  rich  city  in   the  most   fertile  part  of     machinery,   railway   n:aterial,   sugar  and   other  foreign 

Kiangsu.     It  has  long  Ijcen  famous  for  the  beauty  of  its     goods,  build  railways,  and  send  Chinese  products  to  other 

countries.  It  is  a  great  literary  city.  From  the 
presses  of  Shanghai  come  newspapers  read  in  all 
parts  of  the  Empire,  and  great  numbers  of  books 


S^CW-jji^g 


4  t  7/  • 


'^WA 


liia.M  TiiUKi:.    Nankim. 


ClIiN    SllA.N,    Cin.NKIANli 

women  and  the  learning  of  its  scholars.  It  is 
situated  on  the  (irand  Canal,  and  has  launch 
traile  I)y  waterways  leading  north,  south,  east 
and  iimthwest .  Much  silk  and  cutton  cloth  are 
woven,  both  by  old  iiul  linds  and  new.  P(tgiidan, 
iirclirx,  and  riiiiix  are  signs  of  its  past  glory. 

Shanghai  is  on  the  Whangpoo  River,  at 
the  gate  of  the  Vaii-l^c  \alley.  It  is  tin: 
greatest  commercial  city  of  China,  and  one  of 
the  great  jiorts  of  the  w^)rld.  (Ireat  steamers 
come  from  ICurope  and  America,  from  .hipan 
anil  India  to  receive  the  products  brought  to 
tlii<  city  by  smaller  river  and  coasting  steam- 
ship-. It  is  a  great  industrial  centre,  with 
largo  .silk  Jilaliircn,  colloii.  inilln,  jlour  iii.ill.s, 
Kliip-bnilding  worh,  sxtxd  tohacco  factories.  Its 
rich  banks  control  a  largo  part  of  the  Empire's 


SlIiil'S  lis   NaxkINc;    IJoAl),   ."-HAM.HAl 

lioih  of  old  learning  ami  new.  It  is  the  liome  of 
men  from  many  jirovinces  and  many  countries. 

rolitieally,    Shanghai    is    divided     into    four 

[■art the   walled  city,  the  French  C'uiicessioii ,  the 

I  nil  I'liiilidiiiil  Sdllciiicnl  and  the  I'aoshan  District 
\'{i\hM.>-  '^'li^''  oldest  part  is  the  walled  city. 
Lately  the  streets  have  been  made  wider  and 
cleaner,  ami  the  shops  more  attiacti\-e.  It  has  l)een 
proposed  til  tear  down  the  wall.     .\t  -Xantao  (1^ 'flT), 


I'avii.io.n  ok  tin;  I'ivk  IIindiikii  l'im.osoi"iiiat.s,  Sikxiiow 


18 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    CHINA 


on  the  river  sitle  uf  the  walled  city,  may  be  seen  numbers     are  extended  to  inland  j)arts  of  the  Empire,  trade  and 
of  small  jiuiL's  wliieh  carry  products  to  and  from  the     industry  will  both  be  more  jirosperous. 
Shanghai   market.     The  International  or  Model  Settle-  Tungchow,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Yangtse,  is  be- 

coming a  modern  industrial  city.  This  is  largely 
due  to  the  enterprise  of  H.E.  Cliaiuj  Chirn  (^ 
^),  a  man  of  great  literary  learning  who  believed 
he  could  serve  his  country  best  by  giving  true 
service  to  his  city.  Ilis  factories  weave  silk  and 
cotton  cloth,  his  launch-trains  bring  products 
from  many  parts  of  Kiangpeh  to  Tungchow,  his 
schools  teach  young  men  practical  knowledge. 


\  ii.w  "1    Im  i;i;\  M  i"\  \L  -1  iiij:mi:m 


-IIAN' ill  Al 


ment  is  the  business  centre  of  Shanghai.  It  is 
very  honestly  and  efficiently  governed  by  a  council 
elected  by  the  foreign  ta.vpnijcrs.  The  Council  of 
Shanghai  has  done  specially  good  work  in  road- 
building,  bridge-building  and  making  ixxblic 
gardens.  It  has  a  very  well-organized  police  and 
iire  department.  There  are  many  steamers  at 
wharves  on  both  sides  of  the  river.  The  French 
Concession  is  much  smaller  than  the  International. 
The  French  consul  has  much  power.  The  Pao- 
shan  District  northwest  of  the  Settlement  is  a 


nwAxi;  Pi.  Trx,   ■Wrsnr 

newly-built  ipiarter, which 
is  meant  to  be  a  new  mudel 
Chinese  city.  It  has  some 
broad  streets  and  a  nmn- 
ber  of  large  l)uildings. 

The  Kiaiignan  Arsoml, 
south  of  Shanghai,  manu- 
factures arms  and  ammu- 
nition, and  builds  and 
repairs  ships. 

Deep-sea  steamers,  in- 
stead of  coming  to  Shan<r- 
hai,  unload  tlieir  cargoes 
at  \\'oosung,  where  the 
Whangpoo  joins  the 
Yangtse. 

Shanghai  should  grow 
greater  as  time  goes  on, 
for  when  her  railways^lo 
Nanking  and   Hangchow 


Scene  ox  the  Whaxgpoo  River,  Stiaxgiiai 

The  fertile  country  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yangtse 
is  very  densely  populated.  The  island  of  Tsungming  has 
more  than  one  million  people. 

Sungkiang  (-feQ:it)>  Wusih  (M^SSI).  Changcliow(S 
mM\  <'Ii:tiigshu(f;SM),  ^\'ukiang(jj|ti:!!ijand  Kunshan 
(fS.  ill  !l!|)  are  rich  towns  on  the  fertile  Kiangnan  Plain. 

Kiangpeh  needs  protection  against  floods  and  famine. 
The  improvement  of  rivers  and  canals  and  the  building 
of  railways  would  save  Kiangpeh  from  want  like  that  of 
I'.tOT.  In  the  nurthci'u  j)art  of  Kiangpeh,  the  more 
important  cities  are  Tsingkiangpu  (fMlCM')  Hwaian 
(JfC=^lff),  and  TIsuchowfu  i^l^M]  rff-). 


Waterkalls,  Hweishax,  Wlt^Ilt 


lilE  "  Ti;n-Tii(ii>.\.M)  lU  null  \    ■    I'm. cm 


I'lowIXl.     I:ICE    IIEI.D>! 


U.N     HIE    V.\N(.T.-E    KlA-NC 


THE    1>K()VIX(  E    OK    ANIIWEI 


19 


ANHWEI    i^m"^) 

Area  54,800  square  miles  Population  36,000,000 

CAPITAL,   AN  KIN  (J     (^  J^  |f.f) 


Aiihwei  is  a  fertile  rice-producing  province  lying 
on  both  sides  of  the  Yangtse  Kiver.  Many  provinces 
are  fed  with  Aninvei  rice.  The  wealth  of  Anliwei  is 
principally  agricultural,  the  j)rovincc  ])ruduciiig  rice, 
wheat,  tea,  hemp  and 
cotton. 

The  northern  part  of 
the  province  is  drained 
bytheHwaiUiver(?^;iK^ 
whose  many  hrnnches 
make  trade  easy.  The 
Hwai,  however,  is  also 
a  source  of  danger,  as 
sometimes  there  are  dis- 
astrous floods.  There  are 
many  lakes  in  the  north 
and  east  of  the  province. 

In  Ihe.^outlmf  .Vuliwci 
are  large  coal  ileposits. 
When  the  Anhwei  rail- 
way is  built  from  \\'uhu 
iMMU)  oil  t'le  river 
to  Kwaugtebcliow  ij§i^.j\\^  in  the  mountains,  Aninvei 
will  be  richer. 

The  railway  from  Tientsin  to  Pukow  will  run  for  a 
short  way  through  northeastern  Anhwei.  It  will  help 
to  bring  the  products  of  northern  Anhwei  to  river  and 
sea. 

The  chief  railway  from  Central  China  to  the  coast 
will  certainly  cross  Anhwei.     It  is  proposed  to  build  it 


■ALT  X'.ijATs,   CiiiCNi,    Vam;   Jvwan,   AxiIWKl 


by  extending  the  Shanghai-Nanking  Railway  westward 
from  Pukow  to  Sinyangchow  (ft  1^ '>H  I  in  llonan  {\iii 
1^  ^''  oi"  Hankow  in  Iluiieh. 

Wuhu  is  llii-  ^rcat  rice-port.     Many  ocean  steamers 

come  hero  to  load  rice. 
The  commerce  of  Wuhu 
is  being  made  greater  by 
improvements.  Ncw 
wharves  will  allow 
steamers  to  lie  close  by 
the  land.  A  new  rail- 
way will  extend  the  com- 
merce of  Wuhu. 

Tatung  (Jz.  M.) ,  on  an 
island  in  the  Yangtse,  is 
a  customs  station  where 
the  salt  tax  is  collected. 

Anking,  the  capital, 
'in  the  Yangtse  liiver,  is 
a  port  of  call  for  river 
steamers. 


I-  I<I1IN'.     \\  I  I  i{    1  nItMiii;  Wl-S 


I)iinki:y  ami  iikivkii 

ilu.iihowrii  ( tlS: -m  ;ff )  is  a  rich  city  in  the 
southern  part  of  (he  province.  Its  district  produces 
much  tea  and  bamboo. 

Fengyang  (©.P^J-m)  was  the  birthplace  of  the 
llrst  Ming  Ijnperor. 


20 


t; KOI ;i;a I'll V   oi'   (  iiina 


KIANGSI     {K  M  €) 

Area  G9,500  square  miles  rn])nlatioii  25,000,000 

CAPITAL,  NANCHANC     {Wl  m  Ji^) 


Except  f(.r  tlu^  Poyaiig  Lake  Basin  (if)  [45 1^]  ^  ^^ , 
Kianesi  is  niduntainous.     Tlie  most  famous  mountain  is 


'•  'I'lIK    LiTTI.I':    (  tui'HAX  ■' 

llie    Lu   Shan    (^llj),    in    tiie    nortli,   near    wliii-li    tlie 
sage  C7(((  Hai  lived  and  wrote. 

Kiangsi  has  a  uumher  of  rivers  flowing  to  Poyang 
Lake.  The  most  important  i if  these  is  the  Kan  River, 
whose  branches  rise  in  the  niDnntains  that  border  the 
province. 

Kiangsi  jiroduces  much  tea,  porcelain,  rice,  cotton, 
silk,  tobacco  and  some  grain. 

In  the  ndrthi'asi,  uearKingteh- 
chen  {^  W,^)  is  found  most  of 
the  white  clay  which  forms  the 
material  for  the  porcelain  in- 
dustry. Formerly,  the  manu- 
facture of  jKireelain  prudnced 
finer  articles  and  em])lo\'ed  many 
more  men.  Even  now  j)ieccs  of 
porcelain  made  in  earlier  cen- 
turies receive  very  high  prices. 

The  liills  and  mountains  of 
Kiangsi  have  many  trees,  and 
timber  is  an  important  product. 

In  the  western  mountains  near 
the  Hunan  border  are  mines  of 
coal.  Tlie  best  mines  are  at 
ringsiang  (WM),  uear  the 
Hunan  border,  and  their  coal  is 
brought  to  market  by  Hunan 
railways  and  river.  They  have 
a  Chinese  owner  and  produce 
1,500  tons  of  coal  each  day. 

Kiukiang  (XtLMl,  tlie  treaty  Win-n-.  Dkkr  (I 


piii't 
Willi 


I'AIIDV    IIKI.DS,     KlANt..>l 

nf  Kiangsi,  formerly  had  a  great  trade  in  tea 
luu'dpe.  It  still  exports  fairly  large  (juantities. 
Tliere  are  factories  to  press  tea 
into  la-ieks,  suitable  for  the 
peoples  of  Central  Asia.  In  the 
mountains  near  Kiukiang  is  tlie 
summer  resort  of  Kuling  i^^i). 

Nanchang,  the  capital,  is  on 
the  Kan  Kiver  near  its  outlet  into 
Poj-ang  Lake.  Small  steamei'S 
and  launches  run  across  the  lake 
from  Kiukiang  to  Nanchang.  A 
company  has  been  formed  which 
is  building  a  railway  to  ennneet 
the  two  cities.  A  better  proposal 
is  one  for  a  railway  which  shall 
ci-oss  the  |irovince  from  north  to 
south,  and  jiassing  tlirough  the 
Meiling  l'iis.-<  ( /fft>  ^  n  >,  connect 
the  Yangtse  Willr;/  ( ;^  ^'- fC  gfe 
jfc«!()  with  Canton. 

In  the  Kan  Liver  valley,  Kian- 


In  i^^jU) 


an 


il  Kanchowfu 


l.r^iiAN 


'H]  Iff)    have   begun    successfully 

the  production  of  camjihor. 


' «•  W  A  N  G  T  U  N 


lU 


liiiimiK  or  Till;  (hii>iii>s  <if  Mkihy,   Lisuan 


if 


/•  - ,. 


■p^ 


l--^- 


r.Mii  '\  \.  111!  .  Nam  iiA.Ni, 


Till-:  Nk"'   Kan  tinui^K,   ai   nil-:  e.mhamk  i<'   ii 


<<    nil.    VAMilSE   (.iOUliEJ 


Kai'Iiis,    Yam.tsi;  1_hji;(.i> 


i  i;  \i  Ki.M.,   N\iNciTSE  Gouges 


Wa](11    TdXVKK,     \VnllA.N(. 


THE    TKOVINCE    OF    Hll'KIl 


•21 


HUPEH    m\  At  i*i) 

AuM   71,400  square  miles  Population  8-J,000,0(HI 

(  AI'ITAl.,    WL\J1AN(;      (^  ^  ;f^) 

nui-eh  is  a  broad  province,  occupying  an  important  the  groat  rivor  liore.  From  Ilankuw,  lariit-  rivir- 
l.art  of  tlio  central  plain.  It  is  drained  by  the  Han  and  steamers  sail  east  to  .Shanghai,  while  smaller'steamers 
the  Yangtse  Rivers,  and  is  crossed  by  large  canals.     On      sail  west  to  the  ports  of  the  middle  Yanglse  and  Hunan. 

Launches  jih/  inland.  The  mouth  of  tlie  Ilan  Kiver  is 
cruwde<l  witli  cargo  junks  bearing  freii/ht  to  and  from 
Hankow. 

Hankow  i-  tljf  givahsL /(/(((•/.■-/((,  |,i)i(  in  the  world, 
nihl  lias  a  population  of  almost  a  million.  There  are 
many  large  industrial  plants  for  prejiaring  hcan  oil,  for 
pressing  tea-leaves  into  bricks  for  export  to  IJnssia,  for 


JllNiJ  .'^IIAX,   XKAU  WieilASCi 


I'.IM).    IIaxkuw 

the  north   and   west,  mountains   separate   this  pro- 
vince from  Ilonan  and  .Szechwan. 

Tlie  plain  of  Hiipeh  i)roduces  much  cotton. 
( Ireat  spinning  and  weaving  mills  at  Hankow  and 
Wu<-hang  make  the  raw  cotton  into  cotton  cloth. 
Hu|.eh  e.x-ports  cotton  goods  to  Szechwan,  Kweichow 
an<l  Hunan. 

The  railway  frum  the  north  brings  lb. nan 
wheat  to  Hupih  to  be  m.idf  into  Hour.  In  one 
year  (  1(107)  the  I  lank. .w  mills  manufactmed 
.•!l,<M)<l,()00  7)/(H/.s()f  (lour. 

The  three  cities  of  Hankow,  Hanyang  ami 
Wiirhang  form  a  great  commercial  and  industrial 
centre  where  the  Han  Jiiver  joins  the  Yangtse.  Th. 
great  railways  joining  Peking   with   the  south  meet 


Tin;   IIax  liivia 


manufacturing  tobacco  into  cigarettes,  and  for  storing 
()il.  Though  Hankow  is  over  si.\  hundred  miles  from 
Shangliai,  and  seven  Innidred  from  the  ocean,  large 
ocean  steamers  can  sail  to  Hankow  at  most  times  of  the 
year.  So,  though  an  inlan.l  city,  Hankow  has  direct 
trade  with  foreign  countries.     The  city  is  progressive, 


:-^trfC?:- 


1 1  \v\  \\i.    Ik'in    \V'>ltK~ 


22 


GEOUl'vAl'HV    OF    CHINA 


WULUANG    AUSKN.U,    AND    ro\Vi>Ei:    FaCTOUIES 


tlie  wall  haviii"- been  turn  (Inwii  to  make  a  (/r/w'?r«(/  and     enterprises    were    the    work    of  H.E.    Chaufi    Clilh-hnuj 


the  streets  and  houses  having  electric  light.  Improve- 
ments are  being  made,  and  land  is  becoming  more  and 
more  valuable. 

The  English,  Russians,  Frencii,  (iernians  and 
Japanese  have  coiicesslons  lying  along  the  Yangtse  lliver. 
Tiiese  settlements  have 
wide  streets,  fine  houses 
and  much  business. 
The  great  advantages  of 
Hankow  have  led  a  care- 
ful observer  to  write, 
"The  city  of  Hankow 
has  perhaps  a  more 
brilliant  future  than  that 
of  any  other  city  in  the 
world." 

It  "is  surel}'  destined 
to  be  the  industrial 
capital  of  the  Empire."* 

At  Hanyang,  just  west 
of  Hankow,  across  the 
Han    River,  are  the  great  (iovernment   iron   and   steel 


YANtiTSE   GoiHiES   NEAR   HSUCIIOW 


i'^i^.M),  formerly  Viaroij  of  the  Liang  Hu  C^  fj^). 

Wuchang,  the  capital  of  Hupeh,  is  on  the  south 
))ank  of  the  Yangtse,  just  opposite  Hankow  and 
Hanyang.  There  are  many  yamcns,  mills,  schools  and 
forts.     There  are  also  two  great  museums,  one  of  wdiich 

shows    goods    made    in 

China,  the  other  articles 
from  abroad. 

The  treaty  port  of 
Shasi  [ij/i^)  has  steamer 
trade  with  Hankow,  by 
way  of  the  Yangtse,  and 
junk  trade  by  the  canal 
connecting  with  the  Han 
River. 

IchangCt^/tj.atthe 
gateway  of  the  Yangtse 
Gorges,  is  the  port  where 
cargoes  for  Szechwan  are 
changed  from  steamer  to 
small  boats. 


works    li 


■E 


^) ,  and  the  central  arsenal. 
At  the  Hanyang 
works,  Chinese  iron 
is  wniiiijlil  into 
steel  and  used  for 
making  weapons 
and  railway  mate- 
rial. Nine  railways 
in  ('iiina  have  used 
Hanyang  rails. 
Thousands  of  tons 
of  iron  are  exported 
to  foreign  countries 
every  year.  Rail- 
ways and  livers 
connect  the  centre  with  districts  from  w'hich  coal  and 
iron  ore  can  be  cheaply  brought.     The  great  Hanyang 

*Kfin.<cli,  WurM  Politics,  pages  132-133. 


In  Tayeh  (;^  '^^),  iron  ore  of  good  (juality  is  mined. 
Largo  mines  are  in  working  order.  Almost  all  the  iron 
and  steel  manufactured  at  the  Hanyang  Iron  Works 
comes  from  these  mines.  Some  of  tlie  ore  is  shipped  to 
.Japan. 


MOU.VTAIN    NEAR    kllAXG 


Rapids,  Yangt.se  Gorges 


Si     111.    l.IXSIAN<:,    HlNAN 


To.Mii  (IV  Gknekai.  Ya.m;   Vh  Pixii,  who  mcFi.Mii.i'  ..ii.  i,......i. -i    .:ii.  Tau'IXg  rebels,  C'haxgsua 


Ti;Mri.ii  UN  THE  Tor  uk   ihk  Sacked  iloiXTAix,  >i'a.nyi 


THE    PKOVIN'CK    Ol'    HUXAN 


23 


HUNAN     m  it  ^) 

Area  83,380  square  miles  IVpulation,  22,000,000 

CAPITA  r,.  CHANGSHA     {-^  ^Jf  M) 


Hunan  is  a  province  of  liills  and  mountains,  lying 


yiansrtan   (vtt(iA!PF.>    i~*  a  commercial   city  on   the 


to  the  south  and  west  uf  Tung  Ting  Lake.  The  peoi^le  live  Siang  Kivcr,  suutli  nf  ( 'hangsha. 

in  the  narrow  valleys  of  the  rivers  that  (low  into  the  lake.  Changteh  C^^^M)  "^'ir  t''<3  mouth  of  the  Yiian  Kivcr 

Tiic   important   rivers   of    Hunan    are    the    Siang  west  of  Tung  Ting  Lake,  has  trade  with  Ilupeh,  Kweichow 

Kiang  (?te  tC)  and   Yiian   Kiang   (^QI)-     The  Siang  and  Szechwan.    At  some  times  of  the  year,  small  steamers 

River  rises  in  Kwangsi  and  Hows  north  through  Ilunan  sail  from  Hankow  to  Changteh.     Changteh  is  the  outlet 
into   Tung    Ting   Lake. 


The  great  road  from  cen- 
tral to  south  China  goes 
up  its  valley,  and  the 
new  Yuch-Han  Railway 
will  follow  this  old  road. 
The  Yiian  River  rises  in 
Kweichow  and  flows 
northeast  through  Hu- 
nan into  Tung  Ting 
Lake.  The  road  to  \n\\- 
nan  on  the  southwest  lies 
along  this  river. 

Hunan  is  richest 
in  tea  and  in  coal.  The 
tea  is  raised  in  the  Siang 
Valley.     Most  of  the  coal 


Bridge  ne.vk  (.'hangsha 


for  the  valley  of  the 
Yiian  River.  This  river 
is  difiicult  to  navigate, 
which  makes  it  harder  to 
liring  to  market  the  min- 
erals of  the  mountainous 
country  west  and  south- 
west of  Changteh. 

Yochow  is  a  treaty 
port  near  the  outlet  of 
Tung  Ting  Lake.  The 
customs  station  is  at 
Chenglingchow.  The 
commerce  is  not  prosper- 
ous, as  the  steamers  ship 
tlieir  exports  and  land 
liieir  imports  principally 
at  Changsha  and  Siang- 
tan . 


now     comes     from    the 

mines  near  the  Kiangsi  border.     Coal  almunds  in  other  At  Chucliow(;t!}iiH1)  ""  "'^  S'sn'o  ^»i\'ci",  coal  brought 

parts  of  the  province.     AiUimunii  is  mined  in  Hunan,  by  tiic  Pingsiang  Railway  is  loaded  on  small  boats, 

and  carried  to  Wuchang  in  Hupeh  to  be  refined.     The  Tung  Ting  Lake  is  the  meeting  i)lace  of  four  Hunan 

mountains  of  Hunan  are  known  to  liave  supplies  of  gold,  rivers, — the  Siang,  the  T/.elfjfTKl,  the  Yiian  and  the 

silver,  suli)hur,  lead,  zinc,   imn,  (|nicksiivcr  and  copper.  Li  (fix?^)-      There  is  level  country   ni'ar  the  mouths  of 
The  forest  wealtli  is  iniporlaiil. 

Changsha  is  a  great  city    near  tlic  plai'c  where  tlie 
Siang  River  meets  Tung  Ting  Lake.      It  is  a  treaty  port. 


•    _    ^ 

_  -     ^ 

^.■-   "(IUlJ.  t*f ' 

JUv.           -^M 

,              -    v-^.  ;t-    '1 

•  i:m:,  CiiANCiMi 
\\'heu  tlie  Taiping  rel)els  tried  to  captui'e  the  city,  tiie 
great  IWikj  Kwo-faii  itt"  ^  i'iS'  ^^'H'  '"'^  Hunanese  coun- 
trymen fought  them  bravely  for  three  months  and  drove 
them  away.  Wiieu  water  in  the  lake  and  river  is  iiigh, 
steamers  run  fmni  Hankow  to  Changsha.  Wiien  llie 
water   is   low,   steam    iaunehcs    run    from    Changsiia    l( 


Yd  I.c  ."^iia.n,  ori'ofiTK  Changsha 

these  rivers.  A  canal  fruni  Changteh  connects  the 
western  part  of  the  lake  with  the  Yangtse. 

Yiianciiow  ( ^ 'W  /ff  >  is  on  the  road  to  Kweichow 
and  Ynngchow  (  7H  iW  Jf-f  )  is  i>n  the  road  to  Kwangsi. 

Iluuan  produces  tea,  rice,  coal,  small  ships,  bamboo, 
varui-ii,  cotton,  timlier  and  antiuujny.      Notable  manu- 


Ciienglingchow    (ii.^^),    near    the    treaty    port    of     factures   are    paper,    silk    doth,    medicine,   /w^/cc//   and 
Yochow  (^  JW  Jff)  to  meet  Yangtse  steamers.  carved  articles. 


24 


GEOGRAl'llV    OF    CHINA 


SZECHWAN     m  ill  ^1 

Area  218,1)00  sqnnre  milos  '  -^  rMpulatioii  sil, 00(1, 000 


CAIMTAL,  CHENGTU     (J/X  tli  }U) 


Szechwan  is  a  large,  inlaiul  and  populou^^  prciviiu-e'    Huws  through  the  mountaiiioiis  western   region  and  be- 
and  a  souvco  o^  resevve  power  to  the   Empire.     It   lias     conies  navigable  after  passing  Suifu  (^  ;)<H  /^). 

Szechwan  produces  a  great  amount  of  silk,  tea,  salt 

liclllp, 

mines  at 


more  Ifti+dund  more-peojtle  than  any  country  of  Western 


Eurojie.      If  other  parts  of  the  EuHwre  should  come  to     and    vegetable    wax.      Other    pruiliuts    arc    rice, 
harm,  Szechwan   could  su])ply  Hieifey- and   men  to  lielp      i)iili(jo,    sugar    and    liiulxi-.      There    arc    coal    u 


them.  In  the  time  of  the  Taiping  rebellion,  many 
peoi)le  lied  to  Szechwan  to  escaiie  from  tJ+e.rebeie^  ,  At 
tliat-time,  the  4axe&-of  Szechwan  produced -i»e«ey  which 
•h^lpedJdsaYe  fciie-^-iii^Fe. 

Szechwan  is  the  largest  of  the  eighteen  provinces, 
in  area  as  well  as  in  poptdation.     A  large  part  of  the 


t^mm 


()l\.   ^■Al!laEU^,     A\'|'>T    I'lllNA 


Riuixa:,  SzECiiw.\.\ 

province  is  mountainous.  In  the  central  part  is  a  fertile 
plateau,  called  the  lied  l!a-in  or  the  Chengtu  Plain. 
Through  this  rich,  high  [ilain  the  JNlin  Kiang  flows 
southward  to  the  Yangtse.  Other  tributaries  of  the 
Yangtse  in  S/.echwan  are  the  Yalnng  ]\iang  (^ll  Sl  it), 
the  Chung  Kiang  (•f'iilM),  and  the  Kialing  Kiang  Kiangpehting  (XLAtM'^,  I't'ar  Chungking  (S^/fi^). 
(:^l^iX).      The  Yangtse  enters  Szechwan   from   Tibel,      Deposits  of  iron,  copper,  ^Jt^/'o/co/f.  and   precious  metals 

are  known  to  exist. 

It  is  hard  to  bring  tiie  products  of  Szechwan 
to  other  i)rovinces  because  of  dithenliy  nf  lians- 
portation.  The  passage  tlirongh  (Ir'  YangtseCorges 
is  so  troublesome  and  dangerous  as  to  hinder 
commerce.  A\'hen  the  I'lnrdu-Ihiii  Uailivni/  { )i\  jH 
^  Si  )  is  built,  Chengtu  will  be  in  close  touch  with 
Ilaidcow,  and  Szechwan  will  ha\e  much  more 
trade. 

In  western  Szechwan,  in  the  mountainous 
borderland  between  China  and  Tibet,  live  wild 
trilies  who  cause  much  trouble  to  the  (lovern- 
iiient. 

Chengtu,  the  capital,  has  half  a  million  people. 
It  is  a  historic  city  lying  in  the  Red  River  Basin. 
J    The    country    round    about    is     remarkably     well 
irrifrated. 


«-   -■    ■^^^^^'^~  ■■■■  '  ■ 


-MolMAI.V    SCENE,    SUOWINti    I'OI 


la.K.   West  CiU>A 


I   I    Ml-I   I 


I  II  I      i  I  III     \  1       r.l    IM'ir   \  .      N    I    \I.IIM1    N,     ^/l  (   IIW  AN 


Tun  GitEAT   lli:iui_.K,   .Sim  am.i  a  usikn,   S/i,<nu.\N 


lltos-  Susi'liN-SioN    l.i;ii>..i.,    Va(  now,    S/i;iii«an 


Wi:    IJSI  V,    KWKICIIOW,     SZKCIIUAN 


TJIK    I'HOVI.NCK    Ol-    SZECHWAN 


25 


ll'iiKuw  Tii.unf,  (.  ni;M.Ti    Plain 


Chungking,  the  treaty  port  of  Szechwaii,  is  a 
great  trading  centre. 

Suifu  is  the  kxst  point  on  the  great  river  which 
can  be  reached  by  boats.  From  Suifu  to  "\A'anhsien 
•  I'ij  ^) ,  ships  can  easily  sail  on  the  river,  but  east 
of  W'anhsien  are  the  famous  gorges  with  rapids 
wliich  are  very  hard  for  boats  to  pass. 

Szechwan  was  formerly  a  great  producer  of 
ujiiuni,  luit  opium-giowing  was  suppressed  by  the 
great  Y'uvroy,  Cliao  Erh-hsHii  (MMM)-  As  a 
result,  nuicii  more  rice  is  now  grown  in  Szechwan. 


]',<>w  iiN    I'm:  .Mix   KixKit,  Sy.K(ii\v.\x 


26 


GKOUr.Al'lIV    OF    CHINA 


CHIHLI     ill  *|  ^) 

Area  115,800  square  miles  Populatiun  30,000,000 

CAPITAL,   PAoTINdFr  (f^  ^  JU),   TIENTSIN  {X  W) 


Cliilili,  tlie  metropolitan  pro- 
vince, cunsists  mainly  of  a  broad 
plain.  This  j)lain  is  not  well 
irrigated  and  needs  abundant 
i-ainfall.  In  good  seasons  it  jiro- 
duces  much  grain,  but  in  bad 
seasons  is  dry  and  dust-eovered. 

The  mountains  in  the  north- 
east and  southwest  of  the  jirovince 
are  suitable  for  coal  mining.  The 
most  productive  coal  mines  in 
China  are  situated  at  Kaiping  (^ 
q^-)  and  Tangshan   [J^  ll| ) . 

Transportation  by  small  boats 
is  convenient  on  the  Pei  Ho  and 
Grand  ("anal  at  most  times  of  the 
year.  In  winter,  liowevcr,  the 
water  is  frozen.  Railways  in 
('liilili  run : 


TirK  Waiwi  I'l .  I'ekini 


2.  From  ^el^ing  to  Taotingfu  and  on  to  Ilupeh 
and  the  Yangtse; 

;!.  From  Peking  to  Changchiakuw  (Kalgan^^ 
P  ),  I  he  gate  to  Mongolia  (^  "j&l  ; 

4.  From  Peking  to  near-by  Tungchow; 

5.  From  Chengtingfu  ( ]£  ^  J^  )  to  Slian-i  (  llj  ^ 
^')  and  Taiyiian  (±^Sm^- 

Cliilili  piiiduees  wheat,  coal,  cotton,  tobai'co,  woven 
silk,  xtrawliruid,  camels,  sheep  and  horses. 

The  Croat  Wall  starts  at  t^hanhaikwan  and  crosses 
the  nortliern  piart  of  the  province. 

Peking,  the  capital  vi  the  I'mpire,  is  really  not  one 
city,  bnt  a  grouji  of  cities.      The   Imperial   Palace   is  the 
1.      From  Peking  to  Tientsin  and  Sbanliaikwan  ( llj      heart  of  Peking.     Guarding  it  I'ound  about  is  the  Taiiar 
|l ,  and  then  on  to  Jhuichuria  ( f tS  ^  )  and  Furoj)e;       riti/  (M.^)-      There  is  a  large  iiiiicr  Chinese  vitij  ( j^i^). 


-Mauiji.i;   llianta:.  Simmki!  Palace,   I'i;kin 


;u.MMEK  Pai,.\ce,  PJiK^^■G 


ImiI.UIM      WlMIll     I'M    Ml,     I'lKlM 


>M       "ynfll 


-^ 


\\iiiii\    uii;   l-'i.i;i;iiiiii:s   (ity 


Blue  Djme  i\  Tkmple  ov  IIravex,   Pekini; 


Gateway,  i'EKixi; 


I    Mi:  ,-,. 


\  H  ,  I  .!   1  I 


TUK    riiOVINCK    or    CIIlIlM 


•n 


aiul  also  ail  nnkr  L'ltiiiese  cihj  {Sf\- j^)  wliero  trade 
pros{)ers.  The  hfiatlonn,  where  the  ministers  of  forei<rii 
powers  live,  is  like  another  walled  city.  iVkiiii;  lias 
great  walls,  high  gate  towers  and  wide  streets.  It  is  the 
political,  military,  and  educa- 
tional centre  of  the  Empire. 
There  are  many  great  and 
famous  temples,  such  as  the 
Temple  of  Heaven  (^Jv^). 
the  Temple  of  At/nenUiirt  (^ 
Mk  Jft)  >  tl'f'  Confucian  Tempi' 
(  ^  Kfl  )  and  the  Temph  of  the 
L(i  m u><  ( liH  !«)*  sV  •  A t  n  igl 1 1 , 
electricity  makes  IV'king  one 
of  the  most  brilliantly  liglit(<l 
cities  in  the  world.  Tiu  re  is 
a  large forceof  military  jwlice. 
Peking  has  a  splendid  postal 
service. 

Tientsin,  near  the  iinMilli  ol' 
Ihr  I'li  Ho,  is  the  great  treaty 
port  of  the  North.      In    many 

ways,  this  city  has  heen  the  leader  of  thr  ICnipire. 
Tientsin  has  broail  roads,  electric  lights,  water  works, 
trannvnys   and    limited    local    self-government.      These 


City  w.m.i.  and  Giani)  Canal,  Pkki.v 


products  of  North  China  and  .Mongolia.  '1  here  is  a  large 
export  trade  in  animal  products,  such  as  skins  and 
fur,  /»//.s7/<.s' and  wool.  In  winter,  when  the  Pei  Ho  is 
frozen,  Tientsin  trades   by   water   through    the    ice-free 

l>.>rt,  C'liinwangtao  (3^:|i  ^). 
J'(ii/iniii  I'lilvrrxilii  is  near 
Tientsin. 

Paotingfu,  the  old  pro- 
vincial capital,  is  the  re- 
sidence of  the  provincial 
treasurer. 

Chinwangtao  is  a  port  for 
the  shipment  of  coal  from 
the  Kaiping  and  Tangshan 
mines,  and  an  entry  ])ort  in 
winter. 

Shanlinikwan,     when-    the 

mountains   meet    the   sea,    is 

the  gate  between   China  and 

the  Three  Eastern  Provinces. 

Changchiakow    or    Kalgan 

is  a  trading  town  at  the  gate 

to  Mongolia.      Its   Chinese-built    railway   is   improving 

commei'cial  and  jiolitical  relations  with  Mongolia. 


i 


\  (' 


Masciukias  ladiks 


North  of  the  Cireat  Wall   is  the   iMper'uil   JJinilintj 


^  11  I  (iw    IkmI'II-     I'i.kim. 


improvi'inents  were  largely  the  work  of  the  grca(  viceroy, 
Yuan  Shili  Kai.      Manv   roads  bring  to    Tientsin    the 


t-ll  AXIIAIKWAX 


28 


(iKOORAlMIV    (IK    I  III N" A 


SHANTUNG     [iU  M  ^) 

Area,  55,970  square  miles  rdinilaticm  oS,0()(l,OUI) 

CAPITAL.   TSIXAN      (j^  |^  )f ) 

Sliantung  was  tlie  lionie  of  Confucius  (5L  ~f )  •'^ii'l  liave  eaused  terrilile  loss  tn  Xortli  I'liina,  and  woiiM 
M'encius  (^ -f ) .  Pilgrims  may  visit  tlie  tombs  ami  cause  more  were  it  iinl  fdi-  lln'  iiKnicy  ami  wurk  spent 
temples  of  these  great  sages  at  Kiifow  (S&  ^-.)  and  Chow-  every  year  to  protect  liie  valliy.  But  nnMliTi;  eniiineer- 
h-sieii  y%  SV^)  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  province. 

Most  of  Shantung  is  mountainous,   but  there  is  a 
plain  in  the  western  part  crossed  l)y  the  ITwang  IIo  and 


SJP^*' 


.''*v'.Ti;iS^f 


ing  can  make  the  PIwang-Ho  a  source  of  wealth  instead 
of  a  source  of  danger. 

Shantung  pi'oduces  silk,  wheat.  v)!lht,  and  fruits. 
The  soil  of  Shantung  is  not  so  rich  as  in  most  parts  of 
China,  and  new  methods  are  needed  to  make  agriculture 
more  jirosperous.  The  forests  have  been  destmyed,  but 
it  is  hoped  that  scimlific  tiovernn;ent  work  can  restore 
them  in  part. 

Shantung  coal  is  mined  near  \\'eihsien  (^  !^J  and 
at  Poshan  (t#llj!ft^).  The  Shantung  railway  carries 
the  coal  to  the  sea,  whence  steamers  take  it  to  its  markets. 


Pixi':  (iitiiN  i:.    I'  M      iM  . 

the  Grand  Canal.     Shantung  has  a  long  peninsula  and 
some  excellent  harbours. 

The  people  of  Shantung,  like  most  men  of  the 
Xiirth,  are  strong  and  bra\'e,  and  are  good  farmers  anil 
good  soldiers.     Shantung  is  not  a  rich  province,  because 

the  fertile  parts  are  too  crowded.      Many  Shantung  men  The  Tai  Shan  (|^  llj )  is  the  most  famous  mountain 

are  now  going  to  other  provinces  to  seek  wealth,  and  are     of  Shantung. 

especially   successful    in    the   Tliree    Eastern    Provinces  Tsinan,  the  capital,  is  a  great  city  near  tlie  meeting 

(M^^)-  '^'f  ^''G   <li'and   Canal  and  the  Hwang  IIo.     A  German 


Tai  Sii\x 


Rei'aihin'o  the  Bank  of  the  Yei.i.ow  Eu'er 

The  Hwang  Ho  now  reaches  the  sea  in  the  nortliern  railway  runs  from  Tsinan  to  the  Yellow  Sea  at  Kiaochow 

])art  of  Shantung.     Sixty  years  ago,  it   llowed  south  of  (  )lg 'H-j ) .     The   railway    from   Tientsin    to    the    Yangtse 

this    province   and  emptied  into  the  sea   in  Kiangpeh,  will  also  pass  Tsinan.     It  has  been  proposerl  to  extend 

hundreds  of  miles  south.     The  Hoods  of  the  Plwang  IIo  the  Shantung  railway  west  to  Taokow  (^  P)  in  Honan 


Tkmim.i-  iir-  TiiK  Nnitiii   I'lii.i:,    I'siwn 


Tk.mii  j;  111'  L'd'  I'lius,  Kiiinv 


ToMii  OK  Mkxciis,  Tsohsien 


TciMl!    OF    CoNKLTll'S,    KuKOW 


illi:     I'I'.dXINCK    OK    SIlANTIXCi 


29 


to  join  tlie  n.>naii  niiiiing  railways.     Tsinan  is  a  crntre  T\u-  Rritisii  liave  Icasc.l  tlio  naval  station  of  W'eihai- 

of  coniiuerce  for  western  Shantung.  wei  (^M^V- 

Laiclinw  [M'HiJff)  i\u']  Tengehow  (S'Xi  jjff) 
are  seacoast  districts,  many  of  wliose  men  have  gone 
t  1  ^^an(■hnria. 


.V. 


'ftiflfe' 


--**» 


■^Nasg^gMj 


T.U    SjlAN 


Chofoo,  or  Ycntai, 
(jtafr)  is  a  treaty 
pnrt  which  formerly 
hail  nuich  commerce, 
liut  Kiaiicliow  is  now 
taking  away  its  trade, 
("liefoo  needs  a  railway 
to  connect  it  with  the 
intei'ior.  It-;  principal 
exports  are  wihl  silk, 
heans,  and  strawbraid. 

Kiaochow  Bai/  (^ 
'}{{  jij)  was  seized  hy 
(iermans  in  ISO?.  They 
have  bnilt  a  foreign 
city,  Tsingtao  (#  ^), 
with  wiile  streets  and 
line  hiinscy;  Kiaochow 
is  leased  (o  Germany 
fur  ninety-nine  years, 
hut  it  is  a  Chinese  treaty  port. 


Weihsicn  Cj^M:) 
part  of  the  province. 


IsiNAx;    Viii.i.ow  KivKK  IX  Tin;  histame 

a  wealthv  citv  in  the  central 


..*n,. 


.     1 


!r^m^- 


r.\(;iii)A.   YiiNfiiiiH 


'.^ 


Till     li;.is    rvt.c.iiv,   'r-isr,. 


m 


30 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    CHINA 


HONAN  iM  ^  ^) 

Ami  ()7,!t40  s(iuare  miles  Population   21,000,000 

CAPITAL,   KAIFKNG     [f^  $t  M) 

IIt)iian  is  a  fertile   province  in   the  plains  of  the  Honan,  like  other  jirovinces   in    tlie   valley   of  the 

Hwang  flo  ( ^  fnj)    ami   the   branches  of  the  Hwai  Ho  Hwang  Ho,  has  the  fertile  "_(/«:'//(///•  (in/// "   (^±)  soil, 

{'M  M)-     The  motnitains  on  the  southern  border  separate  called  lor^x.     This  soil  is  very  productive. 

North   China   from    tlie   river   ]irovinces.     North   of  the  Honan  produces  wheat,  barley,  wax,  medicine  and 

mountains  wiieat  is  raised,  and  riee  is  i-aised  south  of  the  i-otlon 

niountanis.  Difl'erent  rivers  connect  Honan  with  surrounding 

The  Hwang  Ho  is  a  trouble  to  the   province,  for  at  •             .,      tj             tj^                -t  r          qi         ■  ,»+-._, 

'^           _           ,                       '               '  provnices;  tlie  Hwang  Ho  crosses  it  Irom  bhensi  (l^fg) 


one  time  of  the  vear  it   is  like  a   flood,   and  at   anotin'i 


I,ANi>si.Ai'i-;  M  i:m:,    I  I"N  ' 


time  is  almost  dry.  Modern  engineering  could  improve 
the  Hwang  Ho  so  as  to  remove  the  danger  of  flood, 
and  make  the  river  more  suitable  for  navigation  and 
iri'igation. 


and  Shansi  in  the  northwest  to  Chihli  and  Shantung 
on  the  northeast;  the  Wei  Kiver  (%7K»  Hows 
northeast  to  Shantung  and  Chiidi  ;  tiie  irihuturlci 
of  the  Hwai  Kiver  flow  to  Anhwei  ;  and  those  of 
the  Han  River  to  Hupeh.  Parts  of  these  rivers  are 
suited  for  commerce. 


Briuje  IX  HOXAX 


I  mix  Paloda 

Honan  has  many  historic  cities.  Kaifeng, 
Kweitehfu  (UW^M)^  :>"'l  Loyang  (^^)  have 
been  capitals  of  tlie  Eminre. 

Kaifeng  is  just  south  of  the  Hwang  Ho. 
Though  great  walls  have  been  built  to  protect  it 
from  the  floods,  it  is  still  in  danger. 

Taokow  is  a  trading  city  where  a  mining  rail- 
way meets  the  Wei  River,  and  is  a  gate  on  the 
water  route  to  Tientsin. 


AlTAH    OK    K.MI'EIIOII    Yi',     K  MIKNI 


.^iy'..^^^. ■.;_:! 


A   ]ji:i.AKV   lui;   1;l"]mj]ii>t   Lin:i;A  i  i  i;;:,    Jv.Vir;; 


|-j{ii   TsKNii  Temi'I.k.    1\aii  kni; 


THK    l-KOVINCE    OF    HONAN 


31 


j-^/^.: 


^^,.J0^!£Mv^ 


1,1  .N(.    Tim,,   K.\iii;.N(, 

81ickii-lun  iR^E^t  "!'  tlit^'  Tiing  River  and 
Xanyang  CS  ^  J^ )  on  tliu  Pai  River  (&iiij)  are 
iiiijiortaut  comiui'rcial  towns  lra<iin<;  witli  llupeli. 

In  eastern  llonan,  ('lio\vl<ial<i)w  ( JS]  'jj^  P  ),  cm 
a  triiuitary  of  the  Hwai  Kiver,  is  a  centre  of  trade 
with  Anhwei  and  Kianupeh. 

Tsingiiwa  (fpjffc^l  i>  an  important  niiniiii: 
centre. 

Tlie  J'lLiiKj-Ifaidow  Ilailinn/  (p.^isS.^> 
crosses  Honan  from  nortli  to  south.  Two  otiier 
railways   run   from  east  to  west.      Onenorliinf  the 

Mwanj;     Ihi    hrings    coal     fr ihe     mines     near 

Tsinghwa  to  the  AVei  River  at  Taokow.      It  crosses 
the    great    /;•(////.•    U,u    at    Weill wei    {^MJ^)-      A 


railway  south  of  the  river  is  to  join  Honanfu 
and  Kaifeng,  by  way  of  Chengchow  (g5  '>H).  More 
branches  for  the  railway  would  improve  commerce, 
and  lielp  part  of  lionau's  rich  mineral  wealth  to 
find  its  way  to  market. 

Honanfu,  situated  in  the  fertile  valley  of  the 
i.'i  III),  is  llie  meeting  place  of  three  great  roads. 
Tliese  roads  are  important  for  trade.  The  ruad  to 
tiie  south  leads  to  Chowkiakow  and  the  Han  River. 
The  second  road  goes  east  to  Kaifengfu.  The  tiiird 
load  crosses  the  Hwang  Ho,  going  in  a  northeasterly 
direction  to  Hwaikingfu.  There  is  also  a  fourth 
road,  going  west  to  Tungkwan. 


1.^'>»J  KAi-fONC  ruul 


Kmi.ua^    M'.MioN.    Kaui;m 


32 


GKOGR.U'HY    OF    CHINA 


SHANSI     (Ul  ®  #) 

Area  81,830  square  miles  Pojmlatidii  12,000.000 

CAPITAL,  TAIYUANFU     (ic  )^.  M) 


Shausi  is  one  of  tlie  ricliest  mineral  regions  in  the 
world.  Shansi  has  coal  and  iron  to  make  the  Empire 
rich  by  new  industries.  Scientilic  men  say  Shansi  coal 
is  of  high  quality,  and  that  the  quantity  is  enough  for 
the  use  of  many  countries. 


y 


pi  t  ^  i  ^^PiW^^^^^S 


i;i:t  .-. 


-rr-ry 


'      I      •■-'     '     -jlt:— --^ 


,_,- .,i^,-:5jji 


Railway  Statfos,    Taiyuanku 

Shansi  is  very  mountainous.  It  is  connected 
with  Honan  liy  the  Hwang  Ho,  and  by  the  small 
railways  branching  out  to  the  west  from  the  Peking- 
Hankow  line.  The  cartroads  are  bad,  many  of  them 
running  below  the  surface  of  the  fields. 

The  best  Shansi  coal  is  found  near  Taiyiianfu, 
Tzechowfu  (^  jH-I  M)  "lid  Pingtingchow  (^  ^e  'Jfl). 

Taiyiianfu  is  the  largest  city,  SluDisi  Univer- 
sity is  situated  here.  A  railway  runs  from  Taiyiian 
to  Chengtingfu  in  Chihli  on  the  Peking-Hankow 
line. 

Kiangchow  (|$  '>H)  is  important  for  its  minerals, 
its  farms,  and  its  trade. 

Kweihwating  (§f  -ft  ^  is  at  the  gate  lietween 
Shansi  and  Mongolia.  It  has  been  proposed  to 
build  railways  connecting  this  city  witJi  the  lines  to 
Taiyiianfu  to  the  south,  and  lo  Kalgan  in  Chihli. 


Many   pilgrims   visit  the  Buddhist  shrines  on   the 
famous  A\'utai  Shan  (5E  1p  Ul)  in  northern  Shansi. 

The  Shansi  banks  and  l>ankers  are  known   through- 
out the  Empire. 

The  Hwang  Ho  runs  on  the  west  and  south  of 
Shansi.  The  Great  ^Vall  crosses  the  northern  part 
of  the  province. 

From  Taiyiianfu,  an  important  road  runs  to 
the  southwest  corner  of  the  province.  After  cross- 
ing the  Hwang  Ho,  it  passes  through  the  Tung- 
kwan  (ti  M)  and  leads  to  Sianfu  (^  ^  )^)  in 
Shensi. 

Improved  transportation  is  a  great  need.  Tliirty 
years  ago,  many  people  died  of  famine  because  there 
was  no  way  to  bring  in  food  to  save  their  lives. 

Shansi  produces  coal,  iron,  salt,  barley,  tobacco 
and  cotton. 

Some  years  ago  tlie  mineral  rights  of  Shansi 
were  given  to  a  foreign  company.  Controlling  the 
mineral  resources  of  Shansi  would  give  the  company 
too  great  power.  The  matter  was  reconsidered, 
and  tlie  rights  given  away  were  bought  back  for 
2,400,000  taels.  Now  the  mineral  wealth  of  Shansi 
■mines  is  understood  by  her  people. 


'\'.\i\  Lanh: 


TaiyCanku 


a,.  ^>uV^-—  -  -^7rjx'--v;;>-  ^.^.-r^^;-  ■^'?r'i\      ■'•'iV**^--     V    ' .  '■ 


1^^" 


Liii>s  I  i.iris 


(,'lTY    GaTK,    TAiyUAXFU 


1  H  iTp  e  h 


']  in.    will  SI    n;i{iiY  'H"  SienyaN'G 


i^lNllTfXtillSlEN 


.J.-^ 


I  'AliODA,     fr'lA.S" 


ii!SliiP''|S-;^Si 


i.OE.SS    Foii.MATlO.N 


•  -ii=.>*;<v3fi*,-,* 


CifANG  Liang  Temple 


THE    PROVINCE    OF    SHENSI 


33 


SHENSI    iM  ffi  t\) 


Area  75,270  square  miles 


Population  0,000,000 


CAPITAL,   SIAXFU     (®  ^  M) 


Shensi  is  very  strong /?-0)h  a  military  point  of  view,  Shensi  lias  many  aiiiiiia's,  and  Slionsi  hides  are  sold 

as  it  is  well  guarded  by  mountains.     The  great  gate  to     in  all  parts  of  the  Empire.     Much  fur  is  exported, 
tiie  province  is  the  famous  Tungkwan,  where  the  Hwang  Tiie  best  part  of  Shensi   is  the  vallev  of  the  AVei 

Ho   turns   east.     Tiio   military    history  of   the   Empire     Kiver  (JHtK),  where  Sianfu  is  situated.     Sianfu  is  the 
proves  the  importance  of  this  Pass.  residence  of  the  governor,  and  one  of  the  finest  cities  of 

Xortli   China.      As  Changan    (g  5),    it   was   the 
capita]  of  some  famous  emperors. 

From  Sianfu  four  great  roads  branch  out— one, 
east  to  Shansi,  two,  west  and  northwest  to  Kansu 
(#  l.t  ^),  and  one,  south,  Avhose  branches  lead  to 
Szechwan  and  Ilupch.  These  roads  give  Sianfu 
great  political,  military  and  connnercial  importance. 
It  was  the  residence  of  the  court  during  the  troubled 
years  li)00-l!»01. 

Fengsiangfu  (M,  ^  ;ff )  au.l  Tungchowfu  (^ 
W  /^)  arc  important  towns  in  the  \\\[  \'alley. 

Ilanchungfu  (^  rf^  j^)  and  Ilinganfu  (fl  ^ 
;ff)  are  commercial  cities  on  the  Han  Kivtr  in 
southern  Shensi.  Both  cities  are  gates,  Ilanchungfu 
to  Szechwan  and  Ilinganfu  to  Huj  eh.  These  cities 
are  in  mineral  districts. 

Ycnan  ij^  ^  ]ff),  Yulin  {^  \^  /ff)  and  Suite- 
chow  (^tf.'>H»  arc  siirall  cities  in  tin'  mountainous 
northern  part. 

The  "yellow  earth"  (loess)  districts  in  the 
valley  of  the  AVei  jiroducc  wheat,  millet  and 
vegetables. 


TUNGKWAX 

Shensi  was  formerly  one  of  the  richest  provinces  of 
the  Empire,  \nn  now  it  is  one  of  the  [joorest.     Once  it 
produced  great  sui)i)lies  of  grain ;  now  it  produces  much 
less.     The   Province   became   poor  largely   through   (he 
loss  of  its  trees.      Formerly,  the  mountains  of  North 
China  were  covered  with  forests,  and  after  the  rain 
fell,  the  water  gradually  came  down  to  the  plain, 
making  the  land  fertile  and  the  rivers  suitable  for 
boats.     But  people  carelessly  cut  down  the  trees, 
and  the  rain  would  wa--h  soil  and  stones  from  tin 
mountains;  the  rivers  would  sometimes  be   floodiMl 
and  sometimes  be  dry,  and  the  farmers  would  lia\. 
too   nnich    water  at  one  time  and   not  enough   at 
another.      As  a  result,  North  China   has  sutrcn<l 
terribly  from  Hood  and  famine. 

The  iinrth  aii<l  south  i>f  Shensi  arc  mountainous. 
The  Hwang  Ho  crosses  the  wall,  flows  south  and 
forms  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  Province. 

Shensi  has  rich  mineral  deposits,  especially  of 
coal  and  iron.     Salt  and  nickel  are  also  found. 


Wayside  Sce.ne,  Shensi 


34 


GEOliltAl'IIV    OF    CillNA 


KANSU     {-^  m  W 

Area  125,400  square  miles  IVimlatidn  1 1 ,000,000 

CAPITAL,  LANCHOWFU     {fM  'M  JU) 


Kansu,  in  the  northwest,  is  a  large  ami  induiitaiiious 
province.  The  people  are  of  different  blood,  sdiuc  beiui;' 
Tibetan,  some  Mongolian,  some  Turkish  and  some 
Chinese.     The  Mohammedan  rebellion,  whirli  was  sup- 


Hows  out  of  the  jn-ovince  and  is  the  gate  between  Kansu 
and  Mongolia.  The  trade  is  mostly  in  animals.  Ninghia 
has  suffered  tenibly  I'roni  reljols  and  floods. 

Siningfu,  a  market  town  in   llie   mountains  west  of 


pressed  by  7'so  Tsumj-laiiij  (^  ^  '^),  made  the  jirovince  Laiielidw,  is  the  gate  loChinghai  and  Tibet.     Tiie  officer 

weaker  and  the  people  fewer.  administering  C'hinghai  lives  at  .Siningfu. 

The  upper  Hwang   Ho   crosses  Kansu,   but  is  not  Pingliang  (^i  tv;  j^)  is  in  a  fertile  district  near  the 

good  for  commerce.     In  its  valley,  the  land  is  good  for  Shensi  border.     It  is  near  the  gate  on   the   more  im- 


portant    road      between 
Kansu  and  Shensi. 

Tsinchow  (^  ')^)  is 
a  station  on  the  Wei 
River  road  to  Lanciiow. 
This  road  is  difficult  and 
the  commerce  is  small. 
The  district  is  fertile. 

Liangchow  (MMM), 
Kanchow(-H'#|;ff),  and 
Suchow  (^^jH'l)  are  posts 
on  the  long  northwest 
road  to  Sinkiang.  Chia- 
yukwan  (M  ^  M)  is  a 
trading  town  beyond 
Suchow. 

Kansu  is  in  great  need 
of  railways  to  firing  it  closer  to  other  provinces.  Lines 
are  talked  of  which  would  connect  Lanchow  with  Sianfu 
and  Taiyiian  to  the  soutlieast,  and  with  Sinkiang  at  the 
northwest.  Such  railways  would  be  hard  to  build,  but 
From  Lanchow  great  roads  go  out,— one  west  to  Siningfu  would  have  political  and  military  advantages  as  well  as 
(M  m  J^),  Cliinghai  (W  ffst)  and  Tibet,  and  anuthcr  commercial  ones. 
northwest  to  Sinkiang  (^  fS  ^)  and  Central  Asia. 

Ninghia  {1m  M.)  lias  more  commerce  than  any  other 
city  in  Kansu.     It  is  at  the  point  where  the  Hwang  I lo 


agriculture.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  pro- 
vince, wheat,  barley  and 
tobacco  are  raised.  Lan- 
chow (§i  ffl  Ml  tobacco 
is  smoked  throughout 
the  Empire.  In  the 
mountain  districts,  the 
principal  occupation  is 
animal  -  raising.  Some 
of  the  wool  is  exported, 
and  some  is  manufac- 
tured into  carpets. 

The  province  has 
precious  metals,  such  as 
gold  and  silver,  as  Avell 
as  industrial  minerals, 
such  as  coal  and  oil.  But  the  mineral  wealth  is  as  yet 
little  developed. 

Lanchow  is  the  2-esidence  of  the  Viceroy  of  Kansu 
and  Shensi.     It  is  a  splendid  city  on  the  Hwang  Ho. 


City  Wall,  Slvlxc 


82  93  »4  US  as 97 88 99 100 IDl IM lOa lOt JOS IM M7 US IM 

"^ ' ~ ' — " ^"^        '        '        '        '        '        '        '        '        '        i_J ^-H 


92 9^ 34. 95 98 97  9B  9  9  100  101  102  ^_101 


105 156 107  ion  lOgJ 


'J'ran.si'outixii  Corrox 


The  (ii;EAT  AV.ai.i.  ix  K.\xsr 


City  W.u,i.,   Sixixt; 


Tllii    TIIUKIt;    EASTERN    rKOVIXCES 


35 


THE  THREE  EASTERN  PROVINCES    (^  H  ^) 


Till'  Tliree  Eastern  Provinces  (  MjiiRluiriu  )  arc  are  doing  best  at  present,  arc  none  of  these,  but  Chinese 
iliviilcil  lull)  two  rircr-basius — tlic  T^iao  I)a.'*iu  (j^  p[  ^  frum  tlio  Laicliow  ami  Tcngchow  districts  of  Shantung, 
t^)  in  tiic  south  and  the  Sungari  basin  (H;  :|K  jJl  ^  i^)  Tiic  strong  and  diHgcnt  Siiantung  men  go  to  all  parts  of 
in  the  north.  Both  basins  are  very  fertile.  Tlu'  Three  tlie  Three  Eastern  Provinces  and  work  hard  and  succeed 
Eastern  Provinces  are  separated  from  Korea  C^l^  ffif)  by     no  matter  what  the  season  is.     Many  of  them  are  making 

their  liomcs  tlicrc.     It   is  industrious,  enterprising  men 
like  these  wlio  develop  Manclinria  for  tiie  Empire. 


TiMIlKK   R.MTS  OX  Till:    V  M.l     I{lVi:i! 


Xr.w  Ciiixivsc  Admimsti:  A  I  !■■%  I'.i  iiimnc,  Fkxutien' 


tlic   Yalii  CKf^il)  and   Tum.n    Itivcrs  (I;:!!  ff]  il) ,  (n'm 
Siberia  by  tlie  Amur  lI^Miil)   and    I'ssuri    lUvers  (,^  For  a  long  time,  the  Tin-cc  Eastern   I'ruvinces  were 

IS  M  CD  •  ruled    as   a  dependency.      I'>nt    now   they    are    governed 

In  .Manciiuria  are  men  of  different  races — Mongols,  by  a  Viceroy  ami   (lovernors.     The  Viceroy  resides  in 

Manchus,  Russians  and  .Japanese.     But  the  people  who  Fengticn. 


i'liiv  Liiii.Ai    W'ai.i.  in  >ui  iiii.i..\   .Mam 


36 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    CHINA 


SHENGKING     ^  M  W 

Area  .jil, ()()()  s(|narc  miles  Population  12,000,000 

CAPITAL.   FENGTIEN     (MOUKDEN  ^  ^) 


Slieiigking,  or  Fengtioii,  was  the  main  hatllcfidd  of 
the  war  l)etvvoen  Russia  and  Japan.  Western  Fengtien 
is  the  valley  of  tiie  Liao  River;  tiie  eastern  part  is 
mountainous  except  for  tlie  narrow  vallcv  of  the  Liao. 

The  gates  of  Fengtien  have  great  military,  political 
an<l  commercial  importance.      Long  railways   have   been 


i<  the  commercial  ]>ort  of  Dairen  and  the 
naval   citv  of   Port    Arthur.      Loth   were  for 


military  ami 
merlv  leaseii 


Nkwchwaxg 


Wkst  Ma  1''e.V(i  Ciif,   Fkncitien 


constructed  and  cities  built  in  order  to  command  these 
gates. 

L     (3n  the  southeast,  the  gate  between  Shengking     to   Russia,    but  are  now   held   by  Japan, 
and  Korea  is  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yalu  at  Antung  (g      cities  the  .Japanese  railway  runs  north. 
%)  and  Tatungkow    {:k~M.M)  ■     It  is  by  this  gate  that  The   third   sea-gate  is  the  Chinese   tr 


From   these 


■eaty    port   of 
Newehwang,  with  its  harbour,  Yingkow,  at  the  mouth  of 


yix  Fkxo  C'irii,   Fen-ctikn- 

Japanese  armies   have   ontere<l    Manchuria.      The   Japa- 
nese have  bridged   the   Yalu,  and    built  a   railway   from 
Antung  to  Fengtien  City  in  order  to  make  it  easy  to  pass 
from  Japan,  through  Korea,  to  the  heart  of  Manchuria. 
''>      The  sea -gates  at  Dairen  (Talienwan  ::^  iji  j^), 


Port  Arthur  (Lushuii)  and  Xewchwang  {^  ^) — Ying 

kow  (^  n).     On  the  Liaotung  Peninsula  (jf^  '^  %)     Chinese  influence  on  to  Fcu/tieu  Citij  and  Newehwang 


N'kW    ClllNKSK    t^ClIOOI.    lilll.DIXCi,     F]:.N(iTll:,N 

the  Liao.  This  city  was  formerly  the  outlet  for  Man- 
churian  trade,  but  has  lost  many  advantages  because  of 
the  strong  .Japanese  position  in  the  Liaotung  I'eninsula. 
The  Imperial  Railway  of  North  China  connects  New- 
ehwang with  Cliihli  and  western  Shengking. 

3.  The  land  gate  between  China  and  Shengking, 
at  the  pass  of  Shanhaikwan.  It  was  by  this  road  that 
the  Manchus  entered  China  in  1C44.  Tlie  northern 
Chinese  railway  runs  through  Shanhaikwan  and  carries 


[         go 


INiKT  Amiirn  IlAitimrPt 


Ji(U)41):5 


!  in:   >iOuiHKli-\ 


^n^K---;^;^?*??:,  -  ^-^-^  A. 


L_ 


lMri:i;LM.   [-"alack,    FKxrrriKX 


THK    PROVINCE    OF    SHE.N'GKIXG 


37 


4.     The    land    gates   from    Mongolia,   ei^pecially  at 
Fakumen  (^  ^  P^   ami  Chinehow  {^  <>H  M)-     Extend- 


.STKi;i;r  ii:a-si;i.i.ij;.    ii:x,iii:-\ 

ing  Chinese  railways  throngh  these  gates  would  bring 
Eastern  Mongolia  more  wealth  and  security. 

.-).  The  land  gate  to  Kirin  (^  ^) 
and  Northern  Mancdiuria,  through  Tieh- 
ling  Pass  {m  ^  Ml  The  Japanese  rail- 
way goes  through  this  gateway.  At  the 
end  of  the  great  war,  the  Russian  army 
helil  the  country  uortli  of  this  pass,  tli6 
Japanese  army  the  land  to  the  south. 

Roads  through  all  these  gates  lead 
to  Fcngtien  City. 

FengtienCityisona  ])laiu.  The.Tapa- 
iiese   railways  run   southeast,   north  an 
south;  the  Chinese  line  runs  southwest. 
The  greatest  land   battle  of  tJie  Russo- 
Japanese  war  was  fought  near  Fengtienfu. 

Port  Arthur  is  a  great  naval  base  at  the  end  of  the 
Liaotung  Peninsula.     Famous  battles  by  land  and  sea 


were  fought  around  Port  .Vrthur  during  the  siege  when 
the  .Japanese  captureil  it  from  tln^  Russians. 

Dairen  (Dalny  or  Talienwan),  is  the  best  commercial 
harbour  in  North  China.  The  Russians  spent  huge 
sums  to  build  a  city  which  the  Japanese  easily  captured. 
As  the  commercial  port  of  the  South  Manchurian  Rail- 
way, it  has  many  ships  carrying  trade  between  Fengtien 
and  Japan. 

The  lease  of  the  Liaotung  Peninsula,  now  held  bj' 
Japan,  lasts  only  till  1923.  It  is  very  important  that  at 
that  date  nothing  should  prevent  China  from  regaining 
her  territory. 

Fushun  (^  1^)  is  a  great  coal  mining  centre,  not 
far  from  Fengtien  City.  The  Japanese  hold  the  coal 
mines  there. 

Sinminfu  (7^E/j^)and  Chinchow  are  important 
stations  on  the  railroad  from  Chihli  to  Fengtien.  The 
proposed  Eastern  Mongolian  Raihvay  would  start  froui 
Chinchow. 

Fengtien's  greatest  export  trade  is  that  in  beans, 
bean-cake  and  bean  oil. 


WllAlil      Jiai.nv 


;*»',sj^c-  • 


n^XsS 


•^ 


1  ■■> 


Tlt^llLlMl 


CoU.vniY    SC-KNE,    i'KNUTIE.N 


38 


GEOGRAI'IIY    OF    CHINA 


KIRIN     (^  ^  ^1 

Area  105,000  squtiro  miles 

CAPITAL,   KIRIN 


Population  7,000,000 


^M^m) 


Kiriu  is  a  great  wlieat-produeiiit;-  province.     It  lies  Kwanelicngtze  (M^^-)  near  Changchun  (^MM) 

hetween    the    Sungari    and    tlie    I'ssuri    Rivers.      The  is  a   railwa}-   centre,   where   the   Russian   and  .lapanese 

Siberian  Railway  crosses  it  from  east  to  west  and  north  systems   meet.      A   branch    line    runs    to    Kiriu   City, 

to  south.  Kwanchengtze  is  a  great  trading  town,   being  a  gate  to 

Harbin  (f&Mffi)  i^ 'H'  iiiiportanf  (•(Uiimercial  and  AFongolia  on  the  west  and  Kirin  on  the  east  and  north, 

industrial  city  with  lai'ge  Hour  mills  and  many  Russian  It  collects  animals,  beans  and  tobacco,  and  exports  them 
soldiers.      It  is  situated    where  the   raihvav  crosses 


Tapei  8han,  Kikin 


^•^^tffr^. 


the  Sungari,  and  where  the  railroad  from  east  to 
west  meets  the  line  coming   from  the   south.     It  is  a 
Russian  city,    under   control    of    the    Russian    railway 


SAXnSlN'G 


company.  Harbin  lias  railway  commerce  with  Siberia, 
Europe  and  other  parts  of  Manclmria,  and  steamer  com- 
merce with  ports  on  the  Sungari  and  Amur. 


VlI.l.AliE   ox   THK    SlXGARI    RiVKU 

by  railway  through  the  Fengtien  ports  of  Dairen  and 
Newchwang. 

The  Changpai  Shan  (§:  ^  jll)  and  the  Tinmen 
River  separate  Korea  from  Kirin. 

Kiriti  Cif!/,  the  provincial  capital,  is  on  the  upper 
Sungari  River,  in  a  district  rich  with  timber.  Furs, 
tobacco  and  wooden  ships  are  important  products. 

Petuna  (fjQ  ^Plft)  is  a  trading  town  near  the 
meeting  place  of  the  Nonni  (jSlfctn)  and  Sungari 
Rivers. 

Suifenho  (^  ^  M)  >  where  the  railway  crosses 
the  eastern  frontier  to  Vladivostok  (j^  #  ^),  is  the 
gate  between  Kiriu  and  the  Russian  Maritime  Pro- 
vince. Ninguta  {m  '^  ^)  ^  where  the  fish-skin 
Tartars  live,  is  in  this  part  of  the  province. 

Hunchun  (^  ^)  is  on  the  border  between 
Sibi^ria,  Korea  and  Kirin. 

Sanhsing  (H  JS),  near  the  Sungari,  is  a  fish- 
ing and  trading  town. 

By  treaty,  Harbin,  Kwanchengtze,  Kirin, 
Ninguta,  Hunchun  and  Sanhsing  are  open  to 
foreign  trade. 

Kirin  has  great  forest  and  mineral  wealth. 


KIRIN 


Scale  l:e.OC».(MO 
100     30      0  100  200 


HEN",     KlIUX 


1  II  i:    ■  ■  1  .i;i;  \  I    .\i.i:  I  II    III  i  i  ,"    KlulN 


iilli    DHAUOX    Pool.    -MOIXTAIN:     KutlN 


A    NTATKiN    IS    IvvMIMtS     M  VNi  lllltIA 


^MaXCIU'RIAN    SOI.DIKRS    IX    III  ILl'XtlKIANC 


TlIK    Sl'XliAUl    lilVEU 


AliiM.    THE    USSIKI    K.Ml.WAY 


THE    TKOVINCK    OF    IIKILUNGKIAXG 


39 


HEILUNGKIANG    (^  M  tQ 

Area  203,000  square  miles  Population   l,r)00,000 

CAPITA  I.,  TSITSIHAR     (^  ^  U^  ^) 


Ileilungkiaug  takes  its  name  from  tlie  Amur  River 
wliicli  forms  its  northern  and  eastern  boundary.  Tlie 
l)r()vinee  lias  other  good  rivers,  such  as  the  Sungari, 
Nonni,  Khailar  (jfiiP^i]  fi^inj)  and  Argun  i^'.Ml^fl^M)- 
These  fertile  river  valle3's  are  suitable  for  the  production 
of  wheat.  The  Sungari  "N^alley  is  now  a  fruitful  producer 
of  wheat,  which  is  made  into  Hour  in  the  mills  of  IIarl)in. 
While  this  land  near  the  Kirin  border  is  cultivated, 
most  of  the  province  lies  waste. 

Like  Mongolia,  Ileilungkiang  raises  many  animals, 
as  the  horse,  donkey,  cow,  sheep  and  pig. 

Tsitsihar,  the  capital,  is  on  the  Nonni  River,  about 
twenty  miles  from  the  railway.  It  has  a  large  trade 
with  eastern  Mongolia  in  aiiimals  and  animal  products. 


Khailar,  near  the  western  gate  of  Heilungkiang,  is 
built  where  the  railway  meets  the  Khailar  River.  Many 
Mongols  come  to  Khailar  every  fifth  moon  for  religious 
ami  commercial  purposes. 

Aigun  (SS^),  or  Heilungkiang  City,  is  on  the 
Amur  River  (llfiBti:). 

Manchuli  (fifi^ljM'  is  a  customs  station  where  the 
railway  crosses  the  frontier. 

The  proposed  plan  for  a  Chinese  railway  from  Aigun 
to  Tsitsihar  and  from  Tsitsihar  across  eastern  Mongolia 
to  Chinchow  (^ij\\M)  in  Fengtieu  would  do  great 
service  to  China. 

The  (lovernniciit  lias  agreed  to  open  to  foreign  trade 
the  four  cities  of  Tsi'sihar,  Aigun,  Khailar  and  Manchuli. 


.Maix  SriiiiET,   III  1. ami: 


40 


GEOGRAPHY    OF   CHINA 


MONGOLIA    {m.  ^) 

Area   1,367,000  square  miles  Population   2,()00,000 

CAPITAL,  URGA     {,%  ^  S,   W  W-  #) 


Mongolia,  for  the  most  part,  consists  of  a  high 
plain,  with  fertile  pcfs<(fre  land  in  some  places  and  barren 
wastes  in  others.  This  broad  upland  region  is  almost 
as  large  as  tlie  Eighteen  Provinces,  but  is  lacking  in 
peo])le. 

The  people  of  Mongolia  are  mostly  shepherds  and 
hunters.  Thej'  are  fond  of  animal-raising  but  do  not 
care  for  farming.  The 
Mongols  are  fine  riders. 
They  do  not  generally 
live  in  cities  but  move 
from  place  to  jilace  with 
their  flocks  and  herds. 
Tlieir  tribes  are  gov- 
erned by  Mongol  chiefs, 
wi- ■  ,<'^  advised  and 
controlled  by  Chinese  military  officials. 

In  earlier  times,  people  from  north  of  the  Great 
Wall  often  disturbed  the  peace  of  the  world.  Sometimes 
they  invaded  the  Empire  as  did  the  followers  of  the  Kin 
and  Yuan  Dynasties.  Sometimes  Mongol  tribes  turned 
west  and  ravaged  AVestern  Asia  and  parts  of  Europe. 

Though  many  provinces  are  now  crowded  with 
people,  the  Empire  has  room  for  many  millions  more. 


r<AMEL   CART,    MoXGOLIA 


Camel  carrying  load. 

The  plains  of  Mongolia  are  wide  enough  to  furnish 
homes  for  great  numbers  of  people.  Large  areas  are 
fertile  and  other  districts  that  are  now  arid  may  be 
made  fertile  by  scientific  methods  of  irrigation.  Chinese 
people  are  every  year  settling  and  making  farms  on  the 
border   between   Mongolia  and  Northern   China.     The 


soil  is  good  and  the  settlers  are  prosperous.  It  is  good 
for  the  Empire  that  the  farms  of  the  Chinese  ate  taking 
the  place  of  the  pastures  of  the  ^longols. 

The  (_iovernmei\t  lias  been  aiding  the  progress  of 
Mongolia,  by 

1.  (Jiving  honours  to  the  Mongolian  princes, 

2.  Opening  schools  for  Mongolian  children, 

o.  Helping  Chinese 
fanners  to  build  homes 
in  Mongolia, 

4.  Building  a  good 
railway  to  the  border  of 
the  ^longolian  plain. 

The  rivers  of  Mon- 
golia flow  in  different 
directions.  In  the 
south,  the  ])lain  is  drained  In-  the  Hwang  Ho  and  its 
tributaries;  in  the  east  the  rivers  join  those  of  Fengtien 
and  Chihli ;  the  nortlieastern  rivers  are  parts  of  the 
Amur  system ;  but  in  the  west  and  southwest  the  rivers 
flow  to  inland  basins. 

Eastern  Mongolia  is  a  fertile  plain,  much  like  the 
nearby  country  across  the  border  of  the  Three  Eastern 
Provinces. 

Not  far  north  of  the  Cjreat  "Wall,  Inner  Mongolia 
has  well-watered  grass  lands,  suitable  for  duck-raislmj 
and  farming. 

The  great  desert  of  Shamo  or  Gobi  (:^  M)  stretches 
a  long  distance  east  and  west,  and  separates  Inner  ^lon- 
golia  from  Outer  Mongolia. 

The  Altai  ^fountains  cros-?  northwestern  Mongolia. 
Ill  tlie  fertile  valleys  of  this  range,  many  ti'ibes  feed 
their  cattle. 

1  he  Great  A\'all  was  built  to  protect  China  from  the 
wild  tribes  of  Mongolia.  It  is  one  of  the  most  famous 
structures  in  the  world.  For  numy  thousands  of  miles, 
it  runs  over  mountains  and  across  valleys,  between  the 
northern  provinces  and  Mongolia. 

The  Mongols  are  zealous  Buddhists.  There  are 
some  very  large  Buddhist  monasteries,  the  homes  of 
many  thousands  of  monks. 

Kulun  ($  Ira)  or  Urga  (,^  W^)  is  a  sacred  city 
and  the  residence  of  a  living  Buddha.  Many  monks 
and  traders  live  here. 

Kobdo  m^^)  and  ITiassutai  (.iMiJIBo)  are 
administrative  centres  in  the  northwest  of  Outer  Mongolia. 


-:> 


.\l..s,.,,i- 


UrOSSISG    the   Lkilll    ilESKKl' 


Sand  sioum  on  (_iom  Deseiet 


A  :MuN(_.olian  Xeni 


MONGOLIA 


41 


Maimachin  (M  S  Jlfti ;  'i  market  town  on  the  over- 
land route  to  Europe,  is  on  tlie  Siberian   frontier  just 


liir,    l.,,,,»r     W'aI.I,    .NKAIl     KaI.'.\n 

opposite  the  Russian  town  of  Kiaklita  i  P^  ^  JU).  Tiie 
trade  is  chiefly  in  brick  tea  and  medicine. 

Wool  is  the  chief  product  of  Mongolia.  Mongolia 
is  better  supplied  with  animals  than  any  other  part  of 
the  Empire.  Every  year,  Mongolia  exjiorts  millions  of 
sheep  and  tliousandsof  camels,  horses  and  cattle.  Hides 
and  furs  are  other  important  animal  products. 

The  great  gates  between  the  Eighteen  Provinces  and 
Mongolia  are  at  Changkiakow  (Kalgan)  in  Chihli  and 
Kwcihwating  in  Shansi.  These  market  towns  by  the 
(treat  Wall  are  centres  for  Mongolian  trade.  The  rail- 
way now  runs  from   Peking  to  Changkiakow  (Kalgan) , 


and  it  is  proposed  to  extend  it  across  Inner  Mongolia  to 
Kwcihwating.     Such  a  railway  would  not  only  help  to 
develop   Mongolia,    but   would   bring   it  closer  to 
the  capital. 

For  centuries,  a  great  ruad  lias  run  from 
Peking  northwest  through  Mongolia,  by  way  of 
Changkiakow  (Kalgan)  and  Urga  to  Mahnachin 
and  Kiakhta.  By  this  caravan  route,  Chinese  tea 
was  formerly  sent  overland  to  Europe.  A  railway 
along  this  old  road  would  he  good  for  the  develop- 
ment of  Mongolia. 

Eastern  Mongolia  trades  with  ^hlnchuria 
through  Tsitsihar  in  lleilnngkiang,  Kwanchengtze 
in  Kirin  and  Eakumen  in  Ecngtien.  It  has  been 
proposed  to  extend  the  Imperial  Chinese  Railways 
toward  these  points.  These  lines  would  develop 
Chinese  resources  for  Chinese  benefit.  The  line 
from  Chinciiow  to  Tsitsihar  would  cross  Eastern 
Mongolia,  and  make  it  a  richer  part  of  the  Empire. 


I'lj'c  K  or  .siii;i;i'  (.ka/.im 


42 


nKOflllAPHY    OF    CHINA 


SINKIA.NG     (Iff  H  W 
Area  550,000  square  miles  Poimlation  1, 2(10, 000 

CAPITAL,  TlllllWAFl     (M  'ft  }f^)  OR  rKU.\K'llI  (,^  #  tK  ^) 


Sinkiang,  or  tlie  "New  J)oininion,"  foniis  the 
nineteenth  province  of  the  Empire.  It  is  sonietimes 
called  "  Chinese  Turkestan." 

The  larger  part  of  Sinkiang  is  taken  vi])  by  the 
basin  of  the  Tarim  River  (|«:  M  >K  M ) ,  bctwcon  the 
Kuenlun  (MU)  :iiid 
Tien  Shan  Kangcs. 
Places  near  the  river  can 
be  cultivated,  places  not 
near  it  are  barren.  The 
rivers  do  not  reach  the 
sea  but  flow  into  inland 
salt  lakes. 

Centuries  ago  much  of 
the  province  was  fertile, 
but  shifting  sand  has 
covered  the  plains  and 
made  them  desert.  Like 
Mongolia,  Sinkiang 
could  be  greatly  ini- 
})roved  by  irrigation. 

Sinkiang  suffered  much  from  the  Mohammedan 
erbelliiin,  which  destroyed  many  of  the  people  and  much 


A  LAKE  IN  Tien-  Shan 


J^)    ill    the    northwest,    and    Kashgar    iM^Jf-f)    ^md 
Yarkand  {f^^}^)  in  the  southwest. 

Hi  is  a  fruitful  valley  on  the  western  frontier.  The 
Russians  occupied  it  during  the  Mohannnedan  rebellion, 
but  restored  most  of  it  a  few  years  later.     Its  rivers  flow 

to  salt  lakes  in  Russian 
Central  Asia. 

Ilifu,  the  most  im- 
portant town,  is  on  the 
bank  of  Hi  lake.  Its 
district  has  forests, 
[lastures  and  fruit 
ni'cliards.  Some  metals 
are  mined  and  refined 
near  the  city. 

Kashgar  (Sulifn  jgft  fd 
f^)  has  caravan  trade 
with  Russia.  The 
countiy  runnd  is  very 
rich. 

Yarkand  (Sachofu  {^ 
j^J^)  is  a  market  town  where  merchants  come  from 
India  (F-UIt),  Persia  iMM),  Afghanistan  iH^VT) 
and  Russia. 

Tiiiwafu  or  I'ruinchi  is  a  rich  city,  where  the 
governor  and  t  re  a  surer  reside. 

Khohiii  (fil  [M]),  on  the  road  to  Tibet,  is  famous  for 
Us  saiid-buried  ruins. 

llanii  ( P^  ^)  is  a  small  but  strong  city.  There  is 
a  great  ditch  for  irrigation. 

Turfan  (ii-tl^'  is;  a  militarv  centre. 


View  or  the  Ki  exmn   Mointaixs 

of  the  wealth.  The  rebellion  was  suppressed  liy  Tsu 
Tsung-tang,  who  fougiit  bravely  and  governed  wisely. 

The  people  of  Sinkiang  are  of  three  types — Chinese 
who  follow  Chinese  customs,  Mongols  who  are  Buddhists, 
and  the  people  in  the  south  and  west  who  are  Moham- 
medan in  religion  and  custom. 

Ill  the  greater  part  of  Sinkiang,  agriculture  does 
not  flouri.'^h  because  of  lack  of  rain. 

Sinkiang  produces  cotton,  wild  silk,  carpets,  grapes, 
and  horses. 

The  western  parts  of  Sinkiang  are  by  far  the  most 
fertile.     The  richest  districts  are  those  near  Ilifu  C^*^ 


Types  of  c.^kav.\n  me.n 


■>     00 


.' 

'p> 

..    .  -  -^k^^fe^         ^''"^"^^^^ 

-.^■il^^Pi^ 

-  'fl^^^^^r^ri^B  flBH^H^  • 

■^ 

^-- 

-v.^^^^RK'' 

^^H^^H^^^Hb  . 

'V>^ 

y.' 

-J3^M^ 

^^!WH^^^^^H|k. 

^ 

^ 

I^P'^^. 

■^     ^ 

HI 

■r 

\. 

•^ 

.U'JUM.'IN    rKAK<,    >1NK1A.M, 


Ti!Avi:i,ix<i   IN  Tiiio  Takiamak.ax  Desert 


Tin-;     MAHKKT-I'I.ACE,     K\SIIi;AR 


The  vai.i.ey  de  the  Yaukand  Kiver 


Strekt  scene   is    KasI1i;AI! 


THE    rROVlNOE    OF    SINKIAXG 


43 


f^inkiaiig  is  coniiectecl  with  China  Ijy  a  ^yo:\l  road      Ru-;siau  Turkeshin,  if  railways,  irrigation  and   settlers 
fnun    ]\ansu    whieli    passes    Liangchowfu,    Kanehow,      would  eonie. 
Sucliow,   Ansiciiiiw  ^*  iH^' '^   and    liauii.      One   bran(di. 


Ci;i).ssi>;u  riii;  fuo/.i:x  Yauka.nh  I;i\i;i: 


Tvri..--  wi    \  \i,KAMii  \\'()Mi;n 


Siiikiaiig  was  tlie  only  one  of  the  twenty-two  pro- 
thc  (ireat  North  Road,  runs  to  Tiliwafu  (Urumchi)  and      vinces  not  to  have  a  provincial   assenihly.     The  people 
on  to  llifu.     Another  hranch,  the  (Jreat  South   Koad,     and  customs  for  the  most  part  being  quite  ditferent  from 
leads  to  Yarkand   and  Kashgar.      Both   of 
these  roads  are   caravan    routes.     Another 
road  goes   from  Ansichow  to  Kliotan  and 
Yarkand.      On    this    road    were    formerly 
fertile  districts  and    prosperous   cities,  but 
the  sand  lias  made  the  desert  larger  and  the 
fertile  places  very   small.      Explorers    find 
that   the   sand    has    buried    ancient    cities. 
As  the  province  is   1,100   miles   broad,    it 
takes  many  months  to   travel    from    China 
to  its  more  important  cities. 

Sinkiang  has  ■>,r)Ol)  miles  of  Iclct/rnpli 
and  not  one  mile  of  railway.  The  Russians 
have  developed  their  land  in  Central  Asia 
by  building  railways,  digging  ii'rigation 
canals     and     sending     in     manv    settlers. 

,,  ,  "  .StKEKT  SCKNK    in    \  AltKANMl 

Chinese     1  urkestan     would    be   as   rich   as 

those  of  China,  it  was  thought  best  not  to  try  the 
new  system  of  government  there. 

The  great  needs  of  Sinkiang  are  a  strong 
military  system  to  protect  it  from  danger,  water 
and  irrigation  to  trclaim  iiarivii  places,  and 
iiiiprovr<l  roads  and  railways  to  make  it  more 
truly  a  part  of  tlir  Empire. 


1 1\  Tin:  'I'MaM 


44 


GEOGRAPHY    OP    CHINA 


TIBET    (ffi  M) 

Area  468,000  square  miles  P..pulation  6,000,000 

CAPITAL,  LHASA     [^  H) 

Tibet  is  tiie  highest  plateau  in  the  world.  It  is  a  large 
country,  with  but  few  people.  Travellers  sometimes  call  it 
"The  Forbidden  Land." 


Koi'i-:  niiiDGE,  TuiET 


The  great  mountain  ranges  of  Tibet  are  (1)  the  Kuenlun 
system,  whose  main  ridge  separates  Tibet  from  Sinkiang  and 
whose  branches  spread  through  northern  Tibet;  (2j  the  Hima- 
layas, highest  of  mountains,  on   the  south  between  Tibet  and 


lll.MAI.Al  A    .Mdl  NlAlN:^ 


India;  (3)  the  Traus-Himalaya  (#p^±#B|t4),  a  high  range 
parallel  to  and  north  of  the  Himalayas. 

In  these  mountains  of  Tibet  rise  the  great  rivers  of  eastern 
and  southern  Asia,  the  Hwang  Ho,  the  Yangtse,  the  Mekong 
(iitktl).  the  Irrawady  (^ti%^M) ,  the  Brahmaputra  (B^ 


A    I.OADEn    YAK 


TiiJicrAN  wurriNc. 


Dai.ai  La.ma'.s  seat. 


M^Vl)  and  the 
Indus  (PU  Ji?  M). 

Tibet  has  a  large 
number  of  moun- 
tain lakes,  with 
lieautiful  scenery. 
Some  of  them  aie 
sacred  and  are 
visited  by  pilgrims 
from  India. 

In  the  Tibetan 
mountains  are 
found  the  highest 
a  n  d  largest 
glaciers. 

Tibet  is  reported 
to  be  rich  in 
mineral  wealth, 
Inif  it  is  doubtful 
whether  her  min- 
erals can  be  mined 
at  a  profit.  Gold 
dust  from  Eastern 
Tibet  is  brought 
to  Szechwan,  to 
buy  tea. 

Production  is 
backward  because 
of  barren  land  and 


TlUKTAN    ri:AVi:i!   Mill. 


iNlliil.oll   OK    I'lvMfl.  .,    l.ll»-» 


L>  ;^  .., 


Siiii'i'isr.   H'oof,  HIT  iir  TiiiKi' 


Tibetan  women  wkavixg 


,       ,1,1  W  'Xi-UV'  ULiiL'  jikiXJ 


^_    — _ -OjtijUi; 


TiBETAX    WOMEN   Cr.EANING    WOOL 


TIHET 


45 


unfiivouiable  climate.  Tlicro  arc  many  monks  but  not  most  important  market  luwu  in  Tibet.  Tlie  British 
man}' farmers.     Animal  raising  is  the  principal  industry,      liavc  a  tra<le  ac/cnt  here  to  take  care  of  the  interests  of 

Inilian  traders,  (iartok  is  a  trading  town  where 
fairs  are  held.  Yatung  is  a  lovely  village  at  the 
gateway  between  India  anil  Tibet. 

The  great  roads  from  China  to  Tibet  are  two 
in  number.  The  better  one  enters  from  Szechwan, 
passing  the  Ixirdti'  towns  of  Yachowfii  (ijfl  ^Hl  M^  < 
Tatsicnlu  (tT>SilS),  Litang  (^  It)  and  Hatang 
I  [|i  ijl),  and  goes  across  Tibet  to  Lhasa.  A  more 
northern  road  starts  from  Kansu,  and  passing 
Siniiigfu  crosses  Ching  Hai  to  Lhasa. 

The  Tibetan  people  are  good-natured  but  un- 
progressive.  They  have  many  unpleasant  customs, 
quite  ditf'erent  from  those  of  China  or  other  coun- 
tries. Their  life,  government,  family  system  and 
liuriai  have  many  curious  features. 

The  Imperial  Government  has  for  the  most  part 
allowed  the  Tibetan  tlomestic  affairii  to  be  managed 
by  Tibetans,  but  the  military  and  (liplomnlir  matters 
Wkst  <;ati:,  i.ih-\  must  be  decided  by  the  Chinese  Resident. 

Of  Tibetan  animals,  the  i/al'  is  most  important. 
It  is  a  strong  beast  of  burden.  Tiljet  has  also 
mountain  ponies  and  sheep.  The  chief  product  is 
wool. 

Liiasa,  the  capital,  is  the  seat  of  the  Chinese 
Resideiif,  and,  at  usual  times,  of  the  Dalai  Lama 
(}^  M\  #J  "ft).  There  is  a  great  building  for  the 
priests  which  is  called  tlie  Potala.  Lhasa  js  a  city  of 
priests,  and  is  visited  by  great  numbers  of  pilgrims. 

Shigatse  (B  "J^'giJ'.  or  Tashi-Lunpo,  is  the 
residence  of  the  good  Taxlii  Lama.  Like  Lhasa  it 
is  a  sacred  city,  to  which  many  pilgrims  go. 

By  treaty,  three  Tibetan  towns  are  open  to 
foreign  traders.  Their  trade  is  with  ln<lia.  These 
are  Gyangtse  (flljfc),  (iartok  (JUttyi),  and  Yatung  '"-  "<''  •■'■■<  ''  <■'■'<  i^  'i:\  i:..m, 

,  -n-    r±r  ,  11       ■  il  'P-I       i  ,•  I  •  jl  KaHS    n|      lilUN     IIHIIM.     lM>i;]t    Till:    KAVKS    HI'    IIOI  SKS 

(5E^),  all   HI   -outheni    Filx-t.     (.yangtse    is   the 

The  Tibetan  slate  has  a  jn-iestly  organization, 
the  two  heatls  of  which  are  the  Tashi  Lama  and 
the  Dalai  Lama.  The  Tashi  Lama  controls  re- 
ligions art'airs,  the  Dalai  Lama  deals  wilh  worldly 
atfairs.  The  Tashi  l^ama  is  a  good  man  of  line 
character.  But  Ihe  bad  actions  of  the  Dalai  Lama 
have  caused  much  trouble.  His  dealings  with  the 
Russians  caused  the  Kngiish  In  invade  Tibet.  After- 
ward he  travelled  in  Mongolia  and  North  China, 
claiming  right.s  he  ought  not  to  liave.  A\'hen  he 
returned  to  Tibet,  he  acted  so  improperly  that  the 
Ciiinese  Kesident  had  to  take  away  his  power. 

In  the  reign  of  Kien-lung  ft"  r«t  (17.%-170G) 
China  druve  out  >hingolian  ami  Inilian  invaders, 
and  maile  licr  control  stronger.  In  Ihe  ligiiting  at 
tliat  lime,  Chinese  soldiers  crossed  the  mountains 
and  burned  the  capital  of  the  bravest  people  in  India. 


t*^-    ^-. 


KoAl)   HETWKEN   TlUET   AND   INDIA 


4C> 


(iKOORAI'IIV    OF    CHINA 


RESOURCES 


Vegetable  Resources,  riiina  is  the  largest  agri- 
ciiltiirul  countiy.  Tlie  plain  of  Eaj^torn  Cliina  is  the 
most  fertile  and  densely-peopled  portion  of  the  world. 

The  most  important  food  prodncts  are  rcratls.  The 
l)lains  of   the    central    and    soutliern    pi-ovin<-es    produce 


people.  Chinese  cotton  is  principally  proilnced  in  the 
moist  i-ivei'  valleys. 

China  produces  a  great  deal  of  tohacco,  hut  not 
enouiili  for  the  needs  of  her  smokers.  The  best  quality 
comes  from  Kansu,  tjut  the  largest  (piantity  from  the 
^'angtse  ^'alley. 

Of  vegetal)I('  products,  China  to-day  stands  most  in 
need  (if  lind)cr.  Some  provinces  like  Fukien  and 
Sheni^kiiig  still  have  much  forest  wealth.  But,  in 
m.iny  provinces,  the  great  forests  of  former  times  have 
been  cut  down.      As  a  result,  the  flow  of  rivers  has  been 


Sil.K    liKEl.ING 

great  quantities  of  rice.  Tliose  of  the  northern  provinces 
and  Ahmchuria  have  many  wheat  liclds. 

The  viiilhet-n/  leaf  is  the  food  of  the  silkworm,  so 
the  mulberry  tree  is  cultivated  in  many  ])arts  of  the 
Empire. 

China  is  the  home  of  the  tea  plant,  and  the  IcrrKccd 
hills  of  the  central  and  eastern  provinces  grow  the  finest 
(pudity  of  tea. 

A  great  official,  Sir  Robert  Hart,  lias  said  that  Chinese 
people  are  fortunate  because  they  have  tlie  best  food  in 


I  iKINDINd    MII.I.Kl'    SKKIl 


irregular,  and  the  soil  from  the  mountains  has  been 
washed  away,  leaving  bare  rocks.  If  the  forests  had 
been  ]>reserved,  rivers  would  not  cause  so  much  damage 
by  Mood  at  one  season  and  little  water  at  another. 
North  China  has  suffered  most  from  loss  of  trees. 

Chinese  people  are  very  careful  farmers.  Their 
iirigation  systems  are  well-planned  and  their  fields  are 
well  cared  for.     The  products  of  the  farms  are  good  both 


Keei.ini;  sn.K 

the   world,  rice;  the  best  drink   in   the  woi-ld,   tea;   and 
the  best  clothing  in  the  world,  silk. 

Cluna  is  a  great  producer  of  cotton,  but  not  a  great 
cotton  manufacturer.  Her  peof)le  raise  cotton,  and  dress 
in  cotton  cloth.  With  industrial  improvement,  China 
will  weave  more  of  her  own  cotton   into  cloth   for  her 


lRRRiATION'"wATEIt\VHEEL 


:^Bi'-A 


I  >' 


P1.ANTINH  Kick 


■^i.'.     ■ 

i 

,                  l.\ 

■*7^,-\#j: 

f                           1 

^-      ' 

P^^EjHHMB^^^^^^H 

«^ 

11:  Mil      M 


;i:i>  i\    111  iis^iiM,    M  \M  III  1:1 


BaMHOU     (tROVE 


Taveii  liiox  Mine 


ANIMAL    RESOIRCES 


47 


in  fjuality  and  qnantity.      But  l)Otl)  quality  and  quantity 
niiglit    he    improved    by    Die    use  of    modern   sciontilie 


PlI.HS  OK  llKANfi  AWAlriXC  SIIII'.MKXT  AT  Clt ANGCIIIN' 

methods.  Tlie  new  schools  of  agriculture  ought  lu  have 
good  results  in  teaching  men  Imw  U>  cultivate  with 
greater  advantage. 

Though  Chinese  farms  are  tilled 
like  gardens  hy  many  diligent  Chinese 
farmers,  still  the  country  cannot  grow- 
all  the  food  it  needs.  This  is  because 
some  of  the  provinces  have  too  many 
farmers,  while  other  parts  of  the 
Empire  have  few.  The  Three  Eastern 
Provinces  and  Mongolia  would  have 
great  agricultural  wealth  if  they  had 
plenty  of  Chinese  farmers  to  cultivate 
their  oj>en  lands. 

The  bamboo  grows  in  all  the 
warmer  provinces  and  can  be  used  for 
almost    every     purpose.      Furniture, 


The  south  coast  provinces  ])roduce  delicious  fruit. 
Fine  lichees,  pineapples,  oranges  and  other  varieties  of 
fruit  are  plentiful. 

Hapc-seed  and  scsanum  seeds  are  used  and  exported. 

Seaweed  and  sea  plants  useful  for  food  are  found 
along  the  coast. 

Animal  Resources.  Tiie  most  useful  of  China's 
animals  is  the  silkworm.     It  thrives  in  many  parts  of 

the  Empii-e. 

Some  parts  of  China  are  so  poor  in  work  animals 
that  men  must  do  work  which  could  more  properlv  be 


Fii;.,i 


Jl'l'lL.-.    IN    1  l.wU  I., 


4z^ 


--  H<Tf 


.MAKINti   ISLIIAK    KKOM   .'■ICiAU  CA.NK 

jiaper,  food,  tools,  parts  of  ships,  are  some  of  tiie  many 
i)amboo  products. 

Till'  beans  of  Fengtien  and  Iliipeli  aiv  an  important 
commercial  j)roduct. 

Formerly,  China  was  a  great  pri)ducer  of  opium, 
but  the  .strict  measures  of  the  CJovernment  liavc  forced 
tbr  niiiiicrs  to  slop  cultivating  it.  \  sruallci-  supply  of 
o|iiinii  means  a  larger  sujiply  of  lice,  as  tlic  fariiiers  ai'i' 
now  planting  I'iee  instead  of  ii(>]ij)i(.s. 

Strawbraid  from  the  nortiiern  jirovini-c-^  !<  ;iii 
important  product  for  the  export  trade. 

Sugar  cane  is  grown  in  Sunlh  Ciiina.  It  is  projwsed 
to  grow  snyar  beets  iu  Chihli, 


(lone  by  beasts  of  burden.  Other  parts,  such  as 
Mongolia,  might  easily  supi)ly  the  Empire  with  all 
ilie  horses  and  cattle  needed.  Wider  roads  in  tiie 
Lountry  districts  and  cities  would  allow  animals  to 
draw  loads  in  the  central  provinces  as  they  lio  in  the 
Xortli.  In  the  great  i)lains,  food  for  men  is  so  needed 
I liat  tiiere  is  little  room  for  raising  food  for  ani?nals. 
>o  in  places  where  there  ai'e  many  men  we  find  few 
iiinials,  while  in  Mongolia,  where  men  are  few, 
animals  are  many. 

Dilferent  beasts  of  burden  are  used  in  difl'erent 
parts  of  the  Empire.  In  Mongolia  and  parts  of  the 
North,    camels   carry    goods    along    caravan     routes. 


Mci.E*CAirr 


48 


GEOGRAPHY   OK   CHINA 


Horses  and  donkeys  are  much  used,  especially  in  the 
mountainous  regions.  The  burt'alo  is  a  great  helper  in 
agriculture  in  the  central  and  southern  plains.  In  Tibet, 
the  yak  is  the  most  useful  animal. 


^^',^'^m 


fish 


-Ml  l.K    I.ITIKK    .11-     llil'.     Snui  II 

The  rivers  and  coasts  of  Cliina  are   filled   with 
good  for  food.      Delicious  .'<heU-fish  abound. 

Great  flocks  of  birds  furnish 
work  for  hunters  and  meat  for  the 
people.     Domestic  fowls  are  plentiful. 

In  the  more  thinly-settled  pro- 
vinces and  dependencies  are  many 
wild  beasts,  whose  furs  are  an 
important  product.  In  the  North 
and  on  the  Tibetan  border  are  bears, 
wolves  and  fo.xes.  There  are  some 
tigers  and  pmitlifrs  in  the  southwest. 

Mongolia  and  Eastern  Tibet 
produce  musk  taken  from  the  musk  ilci'r. 

Wax  insects  are  found  in  some  parts  of  Szeehwan. 

In  Mongolia  are  great  herds  of  sheep,   whose   wool 
is  the  chief  profluct  of  that  dependency.     Hides  also  are 


Selling  falcoxs 

exported.  Fine  hams  are  made  from  the  flesh  of 
Yunnan  and  Chekiang  pigs.  Pigs  and  poultry  from 
the  middle  Yangtse  A'alley  are  being  sold  in  Europe. 
Mineral  Resources.  China  is  rich  in  mineral 
resources.  When  lier  mines  are  rightly  developed, 
Cliina  will  be  one  of  tlie  richest  of  countries.  China 
has  great  quantities  both  of  lyrecious  metals  and 
i iiiliistriiil  iiiftiih.     China   is   ospeciallv    rich    in    coal 


Co.\L  .MINE,  ClIIAO  TSO,   HON.\N 


Asses  and  siikep  ox  thk  rhaii,  Sixkhxg 

:ind  iron,  the  twii  minerals  most  useful  for  manufactures. 
I'loili  hard  and  soft  coal  are  plentiful.  The  hard  coal  or 
(tiitlirdcitc  is  useful  for  factories;  the  soft  oi-  hituuii nous 
nial  is  good  for  heating  and  household  uses.  It  is 
strange  that  China  should  buy  coal  from  other 
countries  while  her  own  land  has  more  than 
enough  for  her  need.  Some  of  the  richest  coal- 
fields in  the  world  are  in  North  Cliina,  especially 
in  Shansi,  Honan  and  Chihli.  Great  coal  deposits 
are  also  found  in  the  Three  Eastern  Provinces,  in 
Shantung,  in  Szechwan,  in  Ilunan,  in  Kiangsi,  in 
Anhwei,  and  in  the  southwestern  j)rovinces. 

China  is  also  very  rich  in  iron,  most  of  wdiich 
is  found  in  Northern  China,  not  far  from  the  coal 
mines.  In  the  Avestern  mountains,  much  iron 
lies  waiting  foi-  miners.  China's  great  iron  work--: 
are  at  Hanyang  in  Ilujieh,  where  iron  ore  may 
be  brought  from  the  Nortli  by  rail,  and  from  the 
West  by  water.  At  the  Hanyang  works,  the  ore 
is  refined  and  made  into  wroiujht  iron  and  steel,  and 
the  articles  which  are  manufactured  from  them. 


MIXEKAL    KESOt'RCES 


49 


llANVANii    luoX     W'oUKs     IMl    AKSESAL 

Tlie   mountains  of   Western    Cliina    arc   known   to 
contain  stores  of  gold  and  silver,  and  tiiose  of  Yunnan 
have  precious  stones  as  well.     By  tlie  old,  crude  way  of 
mining,  only  small  profits  might  be  gained,  but  by  the 
use  of  modern,   scientitir 
and  commercial  methods, 
rich     mining    enterprises 
couM      develop     China's 
mineral   wealth. 

The  mineral  wealth  of 
the  Empire  is  not  fully 
known,  but  almost  every 
useful  mineral  has  been 
fouml  in  some  part  of 
Cliinese  territory.  Copjier, 
antimony,  nickel,  tin,  lead, 
zinc  and  petroleum  have 
been  found  in  the  interior 
and  Dtitlyiiig  provinces. 
The  examination  and 
study  of  the  mineral 
resources  of  China  is  :i 
work  of  great  present 
need.     A  careful  scientific 


survey  of  the  Empire  would  be  of 
great  value  in  jiroving  the  sources 
of  the  wealth  of  China,  and  the 
piissiliility  of  future  development. 

Tlie    white   clay    found   on    the 

1  Milder      lietween      Kiangsi      and 

Anhwoi  furnishes  material  for  the 

famous  porcelain  manufactures  of 

Kingtehchin.     In  many  other  parts 

of  the   Empire,   clay   suitable   for 

making  earthenware  and  pottery  is 

found. 

The  salt  industries  in  tlie  coast  provinces  extract 

salt    from    sea   water,    but    in    inland    regions,  such   as 

Mongolia  and  Szechwan,  salt  is  taken  from  wells  in  the 

earth . 


A 


^% 


i. 


Cin.NE.1K    MKCIIA.NUs   Al    WoHK 


In  many  places,  hills  and  mountains  supply 
(jniiiilf  suitable  for  arches,  l)ridges  an<l  great 
buildings. 

The  development  of  the  varied  resources  of 
I  lie  Chinese  j)rovinces  will  lead  to  very  important 
results.  To  use  the  words  of  a  great  thinker, 
■'The  coal  and  general  mineral  wealtii  of  China 
witii  the  vast  and  highly  trained,  frugal,  and 
capable  popidalion,  will,  diu'ing  the  coming 
eenturv,  make  China  the  industrial  een; re  of 
the  world,  and  Ihe  raeilic  tlie  iliieT  theatre  of 
commerce."  * 

The  minerals  of  (.'hina,  if  mined  on  a 
.system  by  which  the  (ioverinnent  could  share 
the  profits  of  the  companies,   would   bring  in 

*  Kki.v.sc-ii.     World  Pulitics,  jiagt'  Ul 


50 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    CHINA 


enougli  money  to  pay  all  the 
debts  of  China.  In  ovdvv  to 
open  up  this  vast  source  of 
wealth,  good  mining  laws  are 
needed,  which  will  protect  the 
riirhts  of  merchants  and  miners 
as  well  as  those  of  the  Govern- 
ment. To  make  the  mines  pay, 
modern  methods  must  be  used, 
and  railways  must  be  built  to 
carry  the  minerals  from  the 
mines  to  the  markets.  China 
needs  many  meu  skilled  in 
engineering  to  develop  her  mines 
and  build  her  railways,  and  help 
to  make  her  stronger  and  richer. 
A  number  of  able  men  are  help- 
ing their  country  in  this  way 
now.  China  must  guard  her 
mineral  rights  and  develoji  her 

great  resources.  China  should  not  alhiw  her  resources 
to  make  others  rich  and  herself  poor,  as  has  been  the 
case  in  some  mining  districts,  such  as  Nevada  ( f^  ^  3^), 
Alaska  {MtsLMM^,  P-irts  of  South  America.  CM  tfi  M ) 
and  South  Africa  (^  #|lf). 

Foreign  mining  interests  in  China  at  jiivsrut  arc: 
1.     The  Kaipingand  Tang.-^lian  coal  mints  in  northi-astern  Cliilili, 
operated  Ijy  tlie  English  Chinese  Engineering  and  ^fining  Cumpany; 


ll:^ 


r  \^  !•  II.    1  II  I'l  IL 


.]iera 


2.     The  Sluinsi  and  Honan  coal  an  1  inm  mini 
Knghsh  Peking  Si/iiilicalc; 

:!.      The  Filshun   (SJlH)  foal  mines  in  Fen'/tieii,  nperat 
Japanese  Railway  Company; 

4.  The  ciial  mines  near  ITarliin,  iipiTateil  liy  llnssian; 

5.  The  Shantung  eoal  mines,  operated  by  Germans; 

6.  The  antimony  mines  in  Hunan,  operated  liy  (iermi 


ti'd  liy  the 
1  l.y  th- 


II HI II WAYS    OF    COMMERCE 


51 


HIGHWAYS  OF  COMMERCE 


Several  routes  connect  China  witli  tlie  rest  of  the 
wurlil. 

1.  The  great  sea  route  to  Europe. — Englisli, 
German,  Frencli  and  .I:ij)am'se  mail  stcanwrs  leave  Ciiina 
f<ir    J-'in'ope    every    tVw    ilav:^.      TIrv    sail    Iv    way    of 


F 


A    TRAXS-PACIFrC  STEAMER 

Shangiiai,  HonLrkong,  Singui)ore  (0f^-iji),  Colombo 
(■BTI&riiJ),  A.lcn  (35T).  llie  Suez  Canal  rM^±^Pl) 
and  the  Mediterranean  Sua  ( ilij  4«  ffejl.  It  takes  about 
four  weeks  for  mail,  and  live  wri'ks  for  fi-eigld  to  come 
this  way  from  Nordicrn  luiiopr. 

2.     The  great  land  route  to  Europe.— Twice  a 
week   mail   trains  bv   tbu   'rrans-Siijerian   llailwav   start 


3.  The  sea-route  to  Australia  'i^:fc?ij?5). — 
English,  German  and  .Japanese  steamers  take  about 
twenty  days  from  TTiMi<:ki>ng  lo  Svdnev  (^  jg). 

4.  The  sea-routes  to  America- — English,  Ami'ii- 
ean  and  .Japanese  steamers  sail  to  North  America  across 

the  Pacific  (±,  2p  v^) 
by  way  of  .Japan.  Ships 
from  Shanghai  to  San 
l^rancisco  (H  f^  |)^  M 
^5f  t  by  Honolulu  [IfcL 
^  llj )  take  twenty-four 
days;  those  by  the 
northern  route  several 
days  less. 

Tlitre  are  very  im- 
lioitant  short  trade 
routes  fmin  China  to 
her  near  neighbours, — 
Japan,  Korea,  Eastern 
Siberia,  Siam  (MB), 
Indo-China  and  tlic 
Philippine  Islands  {'0 

-J)  -a  ^  tt ' . 

Within  China,  most 

of     the     commerce     is 

carried  by  the  great  water  routes.     Steamers  sail  up  the 

Yangtse  River  to  Ichang  and  up  the  Si  Kiang  to  ^\■u- 

cliow.     St'jam  launches  loiv  trains  of  boats  along  manv 


....  i     .  I  .    Ami  N(. 

from  Dairen,  A'ladivostok  i  jfcj:  :^  }^)  and  Ilarliin.     From 

Shanghai    to    Moscow  (45i^-f4)  is    twelve   days;    fmm  .h  sk-*  ..•,  mi:  I'ki  ilo 

Shanghai  to  London  ( -f^  ^  ),  fourteen  and  a  half.     This 

is  the  (juickest  way  to  send  letters  to  Europe,  but  it  is     small,  r  riwrs  and  eanals.     On  I  he  coast,  steamers  carry 

too  expensive  for  freight.  passengers  and  cargo  from  jmrt  lo  port. 


62 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    rlllNA 


Manjf  steamers  take  part  in  the  lionic  trade  of  C 
There  are  British,  Japanese,  German  and  French 
as  well  as  Chinese 
companies.  On  river 
and  coast  under  the 
Chinese  flag  sail  the 
good  ships  of  the 
C  h  i  11  a  Mcrcli  a  itts' 
Steam  Navifiatioii 
Com  pan,/  (fi  »  tS 
^  J^).  The  Cliiiia 
Merchants'  steamers 
help  the  Covernineni 
in  many  waj^s,  (1) 
they  carry  tribute 
rice  to  North  China, 

(2)  in  time  of  trouble 
they  bring  soldiers 
to  points  of  danger, 

(3)  they  take  officials 
to   the    posts    where 

they  are  ordered.     Careful  navigation  and  good  l_iu 
management  make  this  Company  very  successful. 

//(  time  to  come,  all  trade  Ix'twccn  [mrts  cif  ( 
will  probably  be  carried  by  Chinese  ships,  just 
France  onlj'  French  ships  carry  French  goods 
from  one  French  port  to  another.  Schools  of 
Navigation  are  l)eing  established  where  Chinese 
students  may  be  trained  to  become  oificers  of 
Chinese  ships. 

While  steamers  carry  large  cargoes  at  fast 
speed,  much  trade  continues  to  go  by  the  older 
sailing  boats,  the  junks.  Lcnig  voyages  on  coast 
and  river  are  made  by  the  expert  sailors  who  man 
these  freight-carrying  boats.  The  important 
Chinese  fisheries  arc  all  carried  on  by  men  in 
small  boats. 


hina. 
lines 


(,'a\ai,  S(  liNi;, 


iuiess 

'hina, 
IS   in 


In  past  times,  Chinese  engineers  dug  great  canals 
to  helj)  commerce  and  irrigation.  The  chief  of  these  is 
the  Grand  Canal,  by  which  ships  formerly  sailed  from 
Hangchow  to  Tientsin.  To-day,  launch-trains  and  junks 
sail  on  the  Canal  l>etween  important  cities  in  Northern 
Chekiang  ami  in  Kiangsu,  but  in  otlier  provinces  the 
C.nial  has  become  unfit  for  boat  travel.  If  the  engineers 
of  the  present  will  imjjrove  the  Canal,  and  make  it  once 
more  a  great  highway  of  commerce,  they  will  do  good 
service  to  the  Empire. 

Different  parts  of  China  have  long  been  connected 
b\'  land  and  water  routes  which  are  not  suited  to  China's 
rapidly-increasing  commerce.  In  the  present  age  of 
steam,  railwaj's  are  being  built  to  take  the  iilace  o/the 
ancient  roads  between  the  provinces. 

Communications. — Ciiina  has  an  efficient  post- 
office,  which  gives  Chinese  letter-writers  tlie  cheapest 
service  in  the  world.  Her  telegraph  lines  extend  to  the 
most  distant  political  cities  in  the  Empire.  Chinese 
rivers  and  coasts  have  many  Ilfilit-liouiics  and  Iieacons 
to  make  navigation  safe.  For  the  effective  j)ostal,  lights 
and  customs  services,  China  may  thank  tliat  great 
Englishman,  Sir  Robert  Hart,  who  served  the  Empire 
faithfuUv  for  more  than  fiftv  x'ears. 


J^IGIIT-HOCSE 


RAILWAY  MAP  OF  CHINA 


Railways  «>aif*t«a 


iiriiiiiniiii      RAjlunys  under  eonsirucuon 


^^      Stretens^y 


^  MAP  OF 

RAILWAYS  IN  MANCHIMA 

^  AND  THEIR 


^1 


■LSharazi 
Man(*uriaD  'r  „    . 


I 


-j^Sikolsk 
[^(LADIVOSTDK 


C    H  I  \h  I,   I     .:;^i-\       A  \     F^aiuDideA,^  /  0* 

^/MrNewchwauli^    1 0  TengWMgcheng  y      Railways  COftttructed  by 

^jfy  J  A         I    ^fApli*i«h5ien  /^Chinese _ _=__= 

^haniailwy     /"       ^^,  KOREA  /<^^  Chinese  and  Japanese  — ^ 

™»K^     S^^^lkS^.^^  "--    - - 

"""""Vvf  ,     ^     y^^TDairen  ?V/  l  Russians. 


MaNSH.VN    TlNXEL,    HONAN,    PeKIN(1-H ANKOW    RAILWAY 

(at  the  other  end  of  this  tunnel  is  the  long  railway  bridge  across  the  Yellow  River.) 


KAIl.WAYS 


53 


RAILWAYS 


A  great  country  like  China,  witli  broad  provinces     sent  many  soldiers  to  guard  tliese  raihva\-s.     The  mines 
and  masses  of  people,  needs  thousands  of  miles  of  rail-     belonging    to    the    railway    have    been    developed   and 
way  to  make  her  richer  and  stronger.     In  the  second     Japanese  settlements  have  been  built  up  along  the  line 
year   of  Hsiian    Ttinfj   (^  fiH),   there   were  only   4,000     of  the  railwav. 
miles  of  railway  in  the  Empire.    Railways  make  a  country 
stronger: 

1.     By  bringing  the  people  nearer  together, 


The  South  Manchurian  Railway  Company  is  owned 
half  by  the  .Japanese  Government  and  half  by  Japanese 
merchants.  Though  the  line  is  for  military  and  political 
purposes,  it  is  a  commercial  success.  It  runs  from  tlie 
military  harbdur  of  Port  .Arthur  and  the  commercial  port 
of  Dairen,  north  to  Fengtienfu  (Mukden)  and  on  to 
Changchun  in  the  south  of  Kirin,  where  Japanese  and 
Russian  railways  meet.  Japan  is  building  a  branch 
railway  to  Kirin  City.  The  Antung-Mukden  branch 
runs  from  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yalu   Iviver  throuirh 


2.     15y  cari'ying  troops  quickly  to  jioints  of  danger, 

;>.     By  helping  official  orders  to  be  carried  out  at  once. 

Tliey  make  a  country  richer  by  carrying  its  products 
and  jieople  cheaply,  cjuickly  and  safely.  So  at  Peking 
the  (icivernment  has  established  a  special  Board  of  Com- 
)iiii„icatioii!i  (the  Yuchuanpii),  which  deals  with  railway 
att'airs.  Under  wise  ministers,  this  Board  can  do  much 
to  iiii|irove  the  railways  and  strengthen  the  nation. 

The  Manchurian  Railways.— In  the  Three  Eastern     the  mountains  to  Mukden  (Fengtienfu). 
Prosiiues  many  mislnrtunes  have  come  to  the  Empire,  Imperial  Railways  of  North  China,  in  Man 

because  control 
of  the  railways 
was  not  kej)t  in 
Chinese  hamis. 
The  Manchu- 
rian railway 
system  was  built 
by  the  Russians 
in  the  years 
18  9  7-190;}. 
Thev      were 


Sol  Til  -Mam  ul  ... 


J....ri.i..-.~ 


churia.  —  The 

Chinese  rail- 
ways in  Feng- 
tien  run  from 
Slianhaik  wan 
to  Newchwang 
and  to  Mukilen. 
They  are  exten- 
sions of  the  Im 
perial  Railways 
of  North  Ciiina 

allowed    to   build  lines  across  Heilungkiang  and  Kirin     from  Peking  and  Tientsin.     China  needs  to  build  many 

from  west  to  east,  across  Kirin  and  Fengtien  from  north      more  miles  of  railway  in  the  Three  Eastern  Provinces. 

to  south,  and   to  bring  in  armies  of  soldiers  to  guard 

the  railway.     After  the  war  between  Ja)i;iu  and  Russia 

(1904-05),    Japan    gained    control    of    the    railway    in 

Fengtien  and  Southern  Kirin;  Russia  kept  her  lines  in 

Heilungkiang  and  in  nmst  of  Kirin. 

The    Russian  Railways    in    Manchuria.— The 

Russian   line  from   west  to  east  is  an  extension  of  tlie 

Trans-Siberian    Railway.     It    enters    Heilungkiang    at 

Manchuli  (ift  {JH  M),  crosses  the  province,  passing  just 

south  of  Tsitsihar,  meets  the  Sungari  River  at  Harbin. 

runs  across  Kirin  Province  and  at  Suifenho  (^^inj) 

enters  Russian  territory  again.      From  Harbin  a  brancli 

of  the  railway  runs  south  to  Changchun  (Kwangcheng- 

tze) ,  where  it  connects  with  the  .Japanese  line  to  Pori 

Arthur  (Lu-Shun)  and  Dairen.     Tlie  Russian   railways 

were  built  for  military  and   pdlilieai  purposes,  and  do 

not  jiay  commei'cially. 

The  Japanese  Railways  in  Manchuria  —Since 

the  .Japanese   viriory  over   Kussia,   .Japan    lias   used   her 

railways  to  make  her  power  stronger  in  Fengtien.     Slie     kwan   and  go   on    to   Mukden   and    Newchwang.     This 

has  rebuilt  the  railways  captured  in  the  war  and   has     railway   is  owned   by    the    Chinese    Government,    but 


Chihli.— The  Imperial  Railways  of  North  China 
connect  Peking  with  Tientsin  and  run  north  up  the 
coast  of  Chihli,  pass  through  the  Great  Wall  at  Shanhai- 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    CHINA 


because  the  English  loanoil  money  to  buihl  it,  there  are  some 
English  engineering  ami  linancial  officers.     On  this  railway, 


W|->1;KS   of    TIIK    l.MI'KiaM,    1:V1HVA\S    IIF    Nilinil    1   Ill-N  \,     Iani.siian 

the  ^ra^'c  is  large,  the  administnitiun  good,  the  charges  high 
ami  the  expense  low,  so  the  Government  in  some  years  gains 
as  much  as  $10,000,000  profit.  The  money  gained  from  this 
railway  has  been  used,  (1)  to  build  other  railways,  (2)  to  i)ay 


Railway  station,  Tik.ntsix 


for  soldiers,  and  (3)  to  supjwrt  (ccliiiiral  xcliooJs.     There  are 
short  branch   railways  to  the  Tangshan   and    Kaiping   coal 


mines  and  to  the  coal  port  at  Chinwaiigfao.  In 
winter,  when  the  Pei  Ho  is  closed  by  ice,  steamers 
go  to  (hinwangtao,  and  from  there  passengers  and 
goods  may  go  to  Tientsin  by  rail. 

Peking  to  Mongolia  ( M  ^  ®ic  K^).— The 
laihvay  from  Peking  to  Kalgan  (Changkiakow)  is  a 
Chinese  railway  entirely  built  by  Chinese  engineers. 


Ka[.i.a-\  Kaii.wav   and   iiie  (iia:M'  W  m.i. 

It  runs  from  Peking  northwest  to  the  bonk'r.s  of 
Mongolia.  The  engineer  in  charge  of  the  building 
was  ./o/ic  Tiri\  Ywv  (^^ffi)- 

Peking-Hankow  (M  91  SS  S^.)— The  railway 
from  Peking  to  Hankow  runs  almost  nortii  and  south 
through  Chihli,  Honan  and  Plupeh.  It  connects  the 
Yangtse  Valley  with  the  capital.  From  Peking  to 
Hankow  was  formerly  a  journey  of  thirty  days;  now 
the  express  trains  take  less  than  thirty  hours.  The 
railway  was  for  many  years  in  the  hands  of  the 
Belgians;  the  Chinese  Government  bought  back  the 
railway  witli  money  borrowed  from  England .  This 
line  pays  well,  but  will  pay  more  when  better 
e(iuipped  and  operated.  Tlie  bridge  across  the 
Hwang  Ho  is  a  great  work  of  engineering. 

The  Peking-Hankow  Railway  has  a  number  of 
branches,  which  are  not  long  now,  but  some  day 
will  go  far  and  do  much.  The  most  important  of 
these  branches  go  to  Taiyiian  and  Tzechow  in 
Shansi.  By  these  lines  to  Shansi,  the  coal  and 
iron    from    that   great    mineral    province    may    be 


rEKixti-IlAXKuw  Railway  i!uidge  achuss  the  Yellow  Rivek 


KAII.WAYS 


55 


brought  to  the  railway  and  thence  to  tlie  sea.  Other 
sliort  brandies  run  to  Honanfu  and  Kaifeng.  At  \\'ei- 
haifii,  the  Chinglian  line  crosses  the  English  coal  railway 


of   northern    Ilonan,    which    runs   from    Chinglnva    to 
Taokow. 

Hunan  — Tlic  Piiif/siang  Raihvny  (f^-  M^^'>  is  a 
sixty-mile  line  mostly  in  Hunan  I'rovince.  It  carries 
coal  from  the  Pingsiang  mines  in  the  mountains  be- 
tween Hunan  and  Kiangsi  down  to  Cliuchow  (|^  iltl  I  on 
the  Siang  River.  The  coal  is  taken  by  water  from 
Chuchow  to  Siangtan  (flfl^!!^)  and  C'hangslui 
(S  V'J')!  'I'l'l  tl"''i  goes  on  to  Hankow. 

Shantung. — The  Shantung  railway  is  a  Cier- 
man  line  running  from  Kiaochow  west  to  Tsinan. 
It  carries  coal  from  the  Shantung  mines,  and  pays 
fairly  well.  It  is  coniucted  witli  the  new  railway 
bring  built  fri>ni  Tient-in  to  the  Vangtse. 

Shanghai-Nanking  Railway  ^Uti&i^)  ^ 
The  Shanghai-Xanking  Kailway  is  the  best  built 
and  best  equipped  line  in  China.  It  is  owned  by 
the  Chinese  Government,  but  is  operated  by  a 
British  com[)any  which  furnished  the  foreign  loan. 
The  builders  tried  to  make  a  m  idel  railway.  The 
railway  follows  Soochow  Creek  and  the  ( Jrand  Canal 
from  Shanghai  toChinkiang,  and  the  Yangtse  Hiver 
from  Chinkiang  to  Nanking.  It  has  a  solid  roadbeil, 
strong  bridges,  large  engines  and  luxurious  carriages. 
77(6  liailwn]/  will  gain  money  when  later  e.vtensions  are 
made.  There  is  a  short  bram-li  from  Slianghai  td  deep 
water  at  Woosung  (.^  fj;) . 


Kiangsu-Chekiang  Railway  (QlJ^SSSH^t .— The 
Shanghai-Hangchow  Kailway  was  built  with  Chinese 
money  by  Chinese  engineers.     People  in  Chokiang  and 

Kiangsu  formed  com- 
panies which  built  a  rail- 
way suitable  to  the  needs 
of  the  country  passed 
through.  The  line  was 
built  (piickly  and  cheaply, 
and  has  paid  from  the 
beginning.  The  steel  rails 
came  from  Hanyang;  the 
engines  and  carriages  from 
America.  The  railway 
carries  much  freight  and 
many  passengers.  It  is 
being  extended  from 
Hangchow  to  Ningpo. 

Yunnan — Tlie  Yun- 
nan railway  lias  been 
built  by  the  Frendi  to 
make  Indo-China  the  out- 
let for  Yunnan.  The 
railway  cost  millions  of 
taels,  and  thousands  of  workmen  died.  It  is  liojied  that 
China  may  build  new  railways  to  join  Yunnan  to  other 
provinces.  The  road  runs  up  an  unhealthy  river  valley 
to  the  plateau,  passes  Mengtsz  (^  g  !^),  and  ends  at 
Yunnanfu.  Tliere  are  a  great  many  tiimich  through 
mountains. 


SW.VTOW-L'ltMHllOW     HaII.H  AV 


Northeastern  Kwangtung  -The  railway  fmm 
Swatow  to  ('haneln)wfu  >M'H]  /ff )  is  short,  badly  built 
and  at  present  of  little  use. 


56 


GEOGRAPHY    OF    CHINA 


RAILWAYS  BEING  BUILT 


Yueh-Han  (#9IIIIS^).  Tlie  Canton -Hankow  part.  When  tliis  line  is  completed,  people  ma_y  travel 
Railway  is  to  join  Central  Cliina  with  Southern  China,  from  Peking,  the  political  capital,  to  Shanghai,  the 
It  will  run  from  Hankow  ami  \\'uchang  to  Canton,  cross-     commercial  capital,  in  two  days. 

ing  Hupeh,  Hunan  and  Kwangtung.     The  Kwangtung  Kiangsi  Railway.     The  gentry  and  merchants  of 

end  of  the  railway  was  heing  built  with  money  subscribed      Kiangsi  are  building  a  line  from  Kiukiang  to  Nanchang. 
by  merchants  and  gentry,  but  the  Government  has 
decided  to  have  control  of  the  entire  line. 

Canton-Kowloon  m  %^^)-  The  Canton- 
Kowloon  Kaiiway  is  built  by  the  Chinese  Govern- 
ment with  English  money.  The  object  of  this 
railway  is  to  join  the  Yueh-Han  and  make  a  direct 
line  between  Hongkong  and  the  Yangtse.  This 
line  will  increase  the  commerce  of  Hongkong  and 
Soutliern  China. 

Chwan-Han  CMM^'^)-  The  much-needed 
Szechwan-IIankow  Railway  will  connect  Hankow 
and  Chengtu.  This  road  is  hard  to  build,  for 
many  mountains  separate  the  best  part  of  Szechwan 
from  the  Hupeh  plain.  The  Yangtse  Gorges  make 
water-traffic  so  difficult  and  costly  that  the  trade  of 
Western  China  is  checked.  The  railway,  when 
built,  will  do  a  great  deal  to  develop  the  western 
part  of  tiie  Empire.  There  will  probably  be  two 
branches,  one  to  Cliungking  {'MM.M)  "•^^  one 
Chengtu. 

Tsin-Pu  I  jt  ii  ^  S?^)-     The  Tientsin-Pukow  Rail- 


Cantox- Hankow  raiiavav 


to 


It  will  not  be  hard  to  extend  this  railway  south  from 
Nanchang,  over  the  Meiling  Pass  to  Kwangtung  Pro- 
vince, where  it  might  meet  the  Yueh-Han  Railway  at 
way  will  join  Northern  and  Central  China,  crossing  Shiuchow  (g.'J  ;H"P  •  When  this  is  done,  there  will  be  two 
Chihli,  Shantung,  Northern  Kiangsu  and  Anhwei.  It  rail  routes  fnini  Canton  to  the  Yangtse. 
will  do  the  work  formerly  done  by  the  Grand  Canal.  Political   Railways.      Chinese    railways    joining 

It  reaches  the  Yangtse  at  Pukow,  just  opposite  Nanking,  interior  provinces  make  the  Empire  stronger.  It  would 
and  boats  Avill  be  built  to  carry  trains  across  the  river,  be  good  policy  to  buy  back  the  frontier  railways  even  at 
It  is  a  Government  railway,  but  is  built  by  a  loan,  heavy  cost.  All  railways  in  China  should  be  Chinese 
German  engineers  are  building  the  line  in  Chihli  and  railways,  and  Chinese  railways  should  go  to  all  parts  of 
Shantung,  while  the  English  are  building  the  southern      the  Empire. 


4^ 


^ 


^ 

^l!l 


NOXKR 


Auinial-raising,  -^  i^. 

Anthracite,  fi  j^. 

Antimonv.  m)  0,;  ^  (\'-i  l:!' M. 

Ardi.s.  iH'i;!,-;  Wm. 

Aiva,  Mfg. 

ArM.  *K*g. 

Arsvnal,  l^l  H§  ^;  M  >t  AS- 

Art  industries,  ^  X. 

B 

r,aulHirl,l.  ^J^Jii. 
Ikacons,  ii  fcg :  ^  ^. 

Ue-Au  oil,  jj-;  vdr 

Hitnminou.s  coal,  ^^-. 

Black-toa,.^|t;li;^V. 

Board  of  Cnninuinicatious,  %\^  Si5. 

Bore,  ::^i^;  f;]m. 

Bristles,  |{;-.!i:S. 


(•ani|,l,.n-,  -^.?:)iiS. 

('aiit.iii-Kowloon  IWilwny ,  J^  Jl  m 'i^  ('I' ilt  f^  #f )  • 

Capital.  ]^,M;  tl  )ȣ. 

Cement  making,  iiV  7^  ilt  <  C|I  ^K  I"]  JJ'). 

Cereals,  5^^. 

CliangChien,  5g^. 

Chang  Chiii-tung.  ^g  :^  ilri). 

Chao  Erh-hsun,  jgi  S}  ^. 

China  Min-Iiant-'   Steam  Navigation  Company,  '("iiu  flJV +i'i 

Chiiicc.  i^   X;. 

<'lni  lIsi,:5}c.V;S. 

Cliwan-IIan   iJailwav.  j 1 1  ^  K!i  Ifi^    1 1 '  |ii(|  \'\  ^\ 

Ciiniair,  ^^;  ^1^. 

Coal-li.l.l-.iV^m. 

Coast  line,  MJ'i^U- 


I  Concessions,  |ii  i^. 
Confucian  Temple,  ^)(fl;  ?Lji!iB- 
Confucius,  JL  -Y'- 
Consul,  ^"'fi. 

Cottonniilis,  ji!L^t)iii'^ 
Cotton-spinning,  ^Ij  lf.i{. 
Council.  0[I  -Municipal  Cuumil,  X  ^  ^. 
Crude,  M^i^-fi!}. 
Customs  stations,  jfsj:  [}f]. 


D 


Dalai  Lama.  3^  It  "fiJ 'ft- 
Delta,  SI  it :  i'>il. 
Dependencies,  j'^f  yi  ;  fijf  ^. 
Diplomatic,  ^V'J;;  '/|-  ^. 
District,  Sy^. 
Docks,  ftiVi;!,. 

Domestic  atiairs.  fy  ik  \  \'^  %;  %  W- 
Domestic  fowls,  '^  ^. 
Driveway,  K^  ^. 
Dynasty,  ^{K- 


E 


Karlhenwarc,  |i5iJ;JS;S^fS• 
Elcctric-ligll(  sy-irn,.  '.[^  1!(^  5^  ff]. 

Embroidery,  djl)  ^. 

Empire,  '^i  ^. 

Estuary,  ff.  P;  ii'I  11. 

E.xporle.l .  <i  a] ;  Hi  11 
Exjiit'ss  trains.  fJi  .i|i;. 


Kcngticn  City.  f^Ji  iff  ilic  ( ?il  >^  i^  tf  ^-  V'\ 

Ferry-boats,  %  fi  «V. 

Fine  weaving,  ijl/i  \^  m  ^^. 

Flour-milling,  ,1ft  %")). 

Flour-mills,  M  f}>  jfg. 

Foreign  loans,  ^\-  di 

I^reign  trade,  (i^  i-f  ff  t,i. 


NOTES 


For  the  most  part,  -k  ^f- ;  :^  iii- 
Freight,  7K  P;  ^1  t- 
Freight,  fliVK. 
French  Concession,  fi^il^. 

From  a  military  point  .if  view,  fr'^  ^^  —  Jj  M  ±  U  ^■ 
Frontiers,  ^M;  ii:^- 


Glaciers,  ijcjll. 

Gorges,  ffl  ^  ;  lU  if. 

Government,  gc  M- 

Grand  Canal,  MUM- 

(iranite,  :^  ^  ^". 

Great  highway  for  steamers,  ^V  ^fl  1 1  ^  ;i  3c  M- 

Great  AVall,  ft}^. 

H 

Hanyang  Iron  anJ  Steel  Works.  Jf  H  iq  tH  )[!$. 

Harbours,  v^  P  ;  V^'D  • 

H.E.  (His  Excellency) ,  i^  A- 

Heilungkiang  City,  M  tti  tt  Jt  *&  (ii  M  tS  fl  ^'  ^  M' 

Hemp,  ;mit. 

Highways  of  eonnnerce,  ji.  '^  ^  J^- 

Home  trade,  ^  P9  :M  ^• 

Hsien  Feng,  J$L  ^• 

Hsnan  Tung,  !a Jit- 


Imperial  Government,  4"  3)i  iS  M- 

Imjwrial  Hunting  Park,  ^  i^. 

Imported,  ft  A;  il  □• 

Indigo,  ^. 

Industrial  metals,  X  J|  ^  Ifi  (in  §.)  m  ^)  ' 

Industries,  X^l  X^- 

Inland  trade,  M^M^^- 

Inlets,  Mf^- 

Inner  Chinese  City  (  Peking),  M^bjl- 

Interior,  ?9  ll!l- 

International  Settlement,  ^i^Mi^- 

In  time  to  come,  71^2^;  to  ll.'f. 

Iron  works,  m  M- 

Irrigation  system,  ?1  U  fk;  ¥1  Ul  U;- 

Island,  ft. 


Jeme  Tien  Yue,  ^  ^  -f/fi. 
Junks,  ?^'  tV- 

K 

Kiang,  U.,  M- 

Kiangnan  Arsenal,  ttft'  M  jh  i^- 


Kiangsu-Chekiang    Railway,   tt  tUf  IS  S?^  (QP  'M  In:  f?j 

Kien-lung,  ^  l!i^. 

Kirin  City,  ^  ^1;  .#  Jjjl  (|ii  -g  ^  'i'  ^  M)- 


Lacquer,  ^. 

Launch,  /]>^<.*^;  A-f\f^- 
Leased,  ^;  1h. 
Legations,  ^j&^. 

Li,#M. 

Lichees,  7^  ^. 

Light-houses,  ffi",^;  '^4. 

Location ,  itlJ  ^. 

Loess,  ^  ii- 

Lowland  plains,  <(£  |^. 

M 

Mail  steamers,  ^  fi. 
Manufacture,  M  ie  to- 
Maritime,  15,|  i§. 
Mencius,  ^  ^. 
Metropolitan,  :g\&ili;  tlJ-i'. 
Miaotze,  ■©  ^. 
Military  station,  fg  |^  ^  Pjf  • 
Millet,  S  ill. 

Min-Che  viceroyalty,  r^S  Wi^^^:t^n%- 
Minerals,  ^  ^. 

Mohammedan  rebellions,  ^  g|  :;^  ISL- 
Midberry  loaf,  ^M- 
Museums,  ]$  m  1^- 

Musk,  m^- 

Musk  deer,  ^. 

N 

Nanyang  Industrial  Exhibition,  'S  "^  |i  3£  ff. 
Natural  features,  iUl  ^^ ;  A  ^  If;  **■ 
Natural  wealth.  A^l^^- 
Naval  l)ase,  ^  jS- 
Near-by,  ifeifi;  ^1')  j£. 
Nickel,  i|. 
Nitre,  fi^^;  3k.  fif. 
North  China,  41:  vf- 

o 

On   the  whole,   ^.  :^. 

Orchards,  ^  U- 

Organization,  ^.flj. 

Outer  Chinese  City  (  Peking  ),  Jt  M  9\-^- 

Ontlot,  tU  K^. 

I  Outlook,  it'^rmi^i- 

1  Overland  nnile,  f^  ^. 


NOTES                                                                                                                                       HI 

Se.samun  seeds.  '^  M. 

p 

Settlement,  fjl^. 

l>ago.las,  -fi  i>f . 

Shanghai-Hangchow  line,  M^^^^  't'  131  fl  ■??  • 

Paiitlicrs,  fj. 

Shanghai-Nanking  Railway,  jE  }ff  ^  KV  i-t  I^  ^  li?V 

rass,  ilP. 

Shansi  I'niversity.  ill  ?5  :fc  •^  'i". 

Pasture  hui.l,i&J^. 

Siiark's  tins,  ^  Jg. 

Peiyang  University,  ^f^i^^  '?:• 

Shell-fish,  ^^. 

Peking-Hani<ow  Railway.  ^  illS  S^  ."t"  |3]  S  M)- 

Ship-building  works,  fe  Lfj  ;  ^V  liiS. 

Pekiiig-Kalgan  Railway,  ;«•  ?jM  5JS  K^  (• 

'  [^  a  ij?). 

Shipping  centre.  )^  ^f]  tl!  *  ±  'i'  '6  *A- 

Peninsula,  ^^  &j. 

Shrine,  fi;'i^>J. 

Petroleum,  iK'iii- 

Silk  filatures,  %^  Jf-j-  ^iti^. 

Piculs,  ^, ;  :^. 

South  China,  1^'  •^. 

Piece-goo<l.«.  n\t;M'Jiin- 

Square  miles,  if  ]{?. 

Pilgrims,  ^Jg;fj^. 

Steamer  landings,  i^  ft!V  {i^  yfl. 

Pineapples,  E^lji^lif- 

Steam-launches,  /h  'K  ^■ 

Pingsiang  Railway,  WMm^  t't^  Wl  8  M)- 

Stock-raising,  ^  6^. 

Plateaus,  j^  |^. 

Strawbraid,  ?,v  «H$. 

vw,i^m 

Straw-mattini:,  ^,y  (iff. 

Policy,  JESC  ^. 

Su.gar  beets,  Sf  ,t;  gj. 

Poppies,  m  M  ^{£. 

Sugar  refilling,  isf;  :f),'t. 

Population,  A  iK;  P  H- 

Syndicate',  ^  t>]. 

Porcelain-decorating,  ^  fifti  i&  ^. 

System,  ill  IjM. 

Port  of  call,  {i^yjl;  n  ^:. 

T 

Pottery,  ^,  Zi- 

Poultry,  ^^. 

Tableland,  ^  I"?! •. -'I'- ^ ■ 

Precious  metals.  ^  1t  >^  it  (in  'fe  ^). 

Taipings,  ^  ^  ll«. 

Pro<luctious,  #^;  {U  #.. 

Tartar  City,  ^  Jjfi. 

Provinces,  ^'. 

Tashi  Lama,  Jlf  #!  b|i]  i%|t. 

Q 

Taxpayers,  '^t^li^-. 

Teclinical  schools.  #  1»]  /^^^  'y/;  JJ  :Sg  ^  '!?.;. 

Quicksilver,  7K  ^• 

Telegraph,  miR- 

R 

Temperature,  ^{^^  \ll)^. 

Temple  of  Agriculture,  %  "^  \n. 

Rainfall,  M  M- 

Temple  of  Heaven,  ^  \ii. 

Ranges,  lU  ^i'i;  lU  BlR- 

Temple  of  the  Lamas,  ^  i%  =lf. 

Rape-seed,  ^  ^. 

Terraced,  qi]Jf;  -U:M- 

Rapids,  ^fta^^^i5!t. 

Tientsin-Pukow  line,  ^  ?!  1-$  K^  ifi  ^,  ^  M)- 

Reclaim,  gH  B- 

Tobacco  factories,  M  ^  M- 

Relief  map.  ilt  :i:  [hI 

To  take  the  place  of,  J^  \^. 

Reserve  power.  ^  M  Jj 

Tow,  ^i?iV;m. 

Resident,  5t  4fe  &  i'ii- 

Trade  agent,  M[n  A- 

Resources,  M  TJjf.. 

Trade-marts,  rfj  Iti;  M  ii:-- 

Rights,  m  m. 

Traffic,  t5(^;^j|fi. 

River-basins,  inj  ofe- 

Tramways,  ',\i  i\i.. 

River  conservancy,  ;Jfj  inj  X  fn  /n;- 

Transpoitati'Mi,  i!^  i"!!!! 

River-mouths,  inj  P. 

Treasurer,  JJjf  ..] :  Aii'li'iL- 

River- valleys,  gfc  ^^. 

Treaties,  m^'-}. 

Roundabout,  pgifii;  ]h\  1*1 . 
Ruins.  "^  Sf. 


Sandalwood,  #i  -Sr  >fi. 
Seafaring  people,  mi  M^',  ^X  ^• 


Treaty  of  peace,  Jfa  f;';. 

Treaty  ports.  1<5  J^i :  jii  |i^'  II  )"^. 

Tributaries,  %  gfe. 

Tropical  zone,  ^^. 

Trunk  line,  .^i«V;.'f4:*;i. 

Tseng  Kuo-fan, -It  tSlfilf. 


iv 

NOTES 

Tso  Tsung-tang,  ;£  ^  ^. 

Water-powiT,  7jc  ;;/; ;  tK  Pj  7;. 

Tiiaii  l'';nig,  JS  ://. 

Water-route,  7Kif?^;fin;K^. 

Tungchih,  [p]  i^. 

Waterways,  tK  ill;  7K  K- 

Tunnels  |5Sit;  lU  K^. 

Wax-iusect,  $§  aiJ,- 
West,  lS:^;?g^. 

U 

Wharves,  im;?,S;®. 

riHl<'veloiK..l,1^'^t?H^/.i- 
Unload,  tg(K\ 
rplanil  plains,  j^  J^^ 

World's  fair,  \Anf^;^^B^. 

Wrought,  m  m- 

Wrought  iron,  jlggji;  m^- 

V 

Y 

ValK'V,  atfeSc. 
\'ic-c'roy,  ^,tf. 
A'icoroyalty,  It  1^  t  M  1?^- 

Vak,?f/^. 
Ya.nens.^P'];^. 
Yellow  earth,  |^  i. 

w 

Yuan  Dynasty,  %  |J3. 

Yueliuanpu,  %  \'^  §(5. 

Wang  Yaiig-niing,  ^  ^  Fiji. 

Yuel.-IIan  Kail  way.  ^JIMKJ''^'  M  @  ?*• 

^      Wi      M      n. 

li       «       ^ 
VOC ABXJLA  R  Y 


A 

A.len,35T. 
Afuljanist;!!).  H"®  VT- 

AfiirM,  H^HIUJn. 

Aigiin,  ^r^i. 

Alaska,  Hr4.^:5n. 

Altai  Mountain-.  H  M  M 

llj. 
Amoy,  MP^. 
Annir  River,  ^.tlill- 
Anhwei.^ili:^'. 
Anki.l,L^  S  ^  If.f . 
Aiisicliow.  5  ]§  #1. 
AiiUin-:,  ^S?-^- 
Argun,  55^1^  US  M- 
Australia.  \%-^M'S.- 

B 

Batang,  ELi^- 
BliauKs  EL  JS^. 
niagovestchenj^k,  jfi^  jlj^j  j^. 
Hr.ilimai.utra.    3i  ■f<^  zlSt  ^' 

il. 

Burma,  Ifi'feJ. 


Canton.  JK.>HJ^. 
Ceylon,  «  as  e,. 
Changan,  ^^. 
Changkiaknw  (or  Kalgan), 

^%  ri. 

Ciiangcliow,  Sffl- 
(  liangeliun,  ^  ^. 
Ciiangj)ai  Shan,  ^  ^  ll|. 
Chang.slia.  g  J'l?  fllf . 
Cliangshu,  :jl:  ?ft. 
Changteli,  "??;  tg  Iff . 
Ch'a 


'\vfu,)^#|/f.f. 


Chaoiung.  113  -ifi  M. 
Cl.efoo,  ^f,\ 
Chekiang,  "^  jT.  ff  ■ 
Ciiengcliow,  ^>  'jfl. 
Chengtingfn.  jH  /E /ff  • 
Chengtn,  ibit  |^15. 
Chiayukwan,  M-.H\  Wi- 
Cliientao.  RJJ  ^-,. 

ci,ii,ii,ie^tf. 

Chinchow,  JS'i'JI'l- 
Ciiingliai,  ^% 
CliinglingclM.w,  ^  m  (iH. 
(  hinhua,  #  #- Jff-. 
Cliinkiang,  ^  Ql. 
Cliinwangtao,  ^  ^'^. 
Chowlisien,  ^'^,. 
Cliowkiakow,  |,'ij  %  P  . 
Chuanciiow,  ^]l>)\\  jfj-. 
Chueho\v,|^ffl. 
Chung  Kiang,  ^  j^  jjij. 
Chungking,  ^.  ]^. 
Cimsan  Islan.l.  J^]-  |j|  /;.'). 
Colombo,  Pj"  fiSj  fiJjf. 


Dairen   (  jtalny  or  Talien- 

wan),  ::;cidi^. 

E 

Krii-hai,  jJf  jfij:-. 
Hurope,  tiJci::  LL  j^. 


Fakunien,  jj;  M-.  1"! 
Fengsiangfu,  H  5^ /ff . 
I'Vngtien  (oi-  MnkWin),  J^ 

Fengyang.  E  Wi  M- 


Fojchow,  i3'>|-|  %f. 
Fukien,  fg^Jt  tf- 

Fushun,  ^nin. 

G 

Gartok,  n^^ii- 

Gobi  (or  Shanio),  :^  H  j-]; 

(irand  Canal,  iJE  !f m  M- 
Gyangtzc.  tCfJ:. 


Hainan,  jfcf  i^^'  Ui- 
ITaining.  f^f  Wf  iHi 
Ilaiiii,  P^  :S^. 
11  incliungfu,  1^1^  M ■ 
Hangchow,  1^ -H-I  Jff- 

Hanyang,  MPli  Jf-f. 
Hankow,  ^  p. 

Han  River.  0|  7K. 
Harbin.  P&  if  ^. 
lleilungkiang.  M  ]||?  fH. 
Himalaya,  :?f,- 8.^4  #  lU- 
Hoiliow,  jl^  p. 
Honan,  x»\M  'i^- 
Hongkong,  fr  ^. 
Honolnlu,  ^VfMlH^flflP 

H^iakwan,  y  m. 
Hinganfu.  B 'M  M- 
Hsnehowfn.  i^.>H  ){-f. 
Huehuw.  rAIJ  (Hi  Jf-f . 
Hunan,  fWl  ifl'lff . 
Hunelinn.  f^i  /iji. 
Hungshui,  ^t  ^K- 
Hungtze  (Lake),  ^t  f?  Wi- 
ll npeh,  f«J  ^t  'i^f. 
Hwaian,  iffi  ^6: 'ff  • 
Hwai  Ho,  jfAvK- 


rtwang  Ho,  lit  }nj. 
Hweiehow    ( Kwangtimg) , 

Hwcii-howfu  ( Anhwei),  ^ 

#1  rff. 


Tehang.  "Rr  g. 

Hifu.  'pi-??^;^. 

India.  F-PJt*. 
Indo-China,  F-|l  ^  -j^  l}r>. 
Indus  River.  p.|J  )^  \v[. 
Iirawadily   Ih'ver.   ^  tfL% 

3fj  \^■ 


K.'iiVn^.  IJH  J>,Hf.f. 
Kaiiiiiig,  159  'iv 
Kalgan.  ?g'^  P. 
Kant'how,   |1'  'H-l. 
Kanehowfn,  ifu.'lW  M- 
Kan  River,  ijft  jL. 
Kashgar  (or  Sulifu  ),  IKi  j|Hi 

Ka^^bing,  E  !»  J^. 

Kansn,  11"  ^tt 'i^r. 
Kbailar  River,   jfei Hjj  ^  jiif. 
Kli'.tan,  ^11  fg]. 
Kiakbta,  t^lfeiSa. 
Kialing  Kiang,  ^t  B!  iT. 
Kianfu,^^-fl!f. 
Kiangebow,  ^.$  'Hi. 
!\  iangnan.  fT.  |fi- 
Kiangpeh,  {K  ^(l 
Kiangpeitiiig.  if.  -It  Ifc 
Kiangsi,  fl".  iKJ  ',^,^ 
Kiangsu.  fC  .<!!J^  'i*?. 
Kiaoebow,  m '}\l 
Kiaoebow  Bay.  Hg  <>H  jff. 


VI 


VOCABULARY 


Kienning,  E  ^  )t. 
Kinchovv,  IS  #1- 
Kingtehi-lien,  ^|i^. 
Kingyuan,  i^  jt  It- 
Kirin,  ^  W- 
Kirinfu,  "pWM- 
Kiukiang,  jl,  Ql- 
Kiungchow,  i%'H]- 
Kobdo,  3F4;rtj^. 
Koko  Nor,  t^  i^. 
Kongniooii,  fliPI- 
Knroa,  fHI#- 
Kowkx)!!,  ;fL  fll- 
Kuonlun,  %  ^■ 
Kiifdw,  III]  J?-. 
Killing,  te^. 
Kulun,  ff.  Ife. 
Kuiigpeh  (or  Lappa",  fJMb- 
Kuns^hau,  ^  ill. 
Kwanchengtze,  ^  ^ic  -f. 
Kwangchow  T^uv,  JJ<  #1  M- 
Kwaiigsi,  MM- 
Kwangtelicliow,  ^  i#.  il'H- 
Kwangtung,  J^'M^- 
Kweidiow,  -Ji'lH^r. 
Kweihsieii,  '^  !i!|. 
Kweihwating,  S|i  ffc  1^. 
Kweilin,  ;fj.  :^^^. 
Kwci  River,  ;ti  01- 
Kweitehfu,  %fimM- 
Kweiyang,  u  Wi  iff  • 


Laichow,  jfe  'H-|. 
Lanchow,  WiW  ^■ 

Lappa  (or  Kuiigpeli),  ^  4t' 
Lhasa,  itM- 
Liangcliow,  v;S')l"l- 
Liang-liu,  WM- 
Liang-kiang,  M  K- 
Liao  Basin,  ^  M  fife  i^- 
Liaotiing   reiiinsula,  ^^^ 

Liping,  ^2l^;t- 

Li  IJiver,  ^  7lC. 

Litaiig,  ;^  ^. 

Liueliowfu  (Kwangsi),  |||l 

'J11  It- 
London,  f^'^ 
Loyang,  -^  Hi. 
Luchow,  -atiH-l. 
Luichow   rtninsula,    'ili' -jll 


Liingcliow,  IKiHi 
Lu  Shan,  Jl  Ol- 

M 

Macao,  jljiptj. 
Maimaeiiin,  fi  H  ^■ 
^hinioi  Lslaml,  .'jj  ^  ^. 
^hinchuli.  ffi  #1  M- 
Manchuria,  ffi  'Jll. 
Mediternincan  Sea,  iffiff'^i- 
Meiling  Pas<,  ^^M- 
Mekong,  m  ^  xL 
Mengtsz,  ^  @  IH^. 
Miao  Ling,  '^  ^. 
Min  Kiang,  ^  CC. 
Mongolia,  ^  !&. 
Moscow,  M  M  ?1-- 
Mukden,  r#  ^. 

N 

Xanrliang,  "^  ^  It- 
Nanking,  ■^  j^. 
Nan  Ling  Mountains,  "^  ^i( 

Nanuingfu,  1^"  jt/t- 
Nantao,   M  "iS  I  Jl  J®  ^  iW- 
Nanyang,  !«  Hit- 
Nanzing,  1^  f§. 
Nevada,  ft  #  >i. 
Newehwang,  ^  ^. 
Ninghia.  -^i;- 
Ningpo,  m  ^- 
Ninguta,  Wi&  J§- 
Nonni  River,  j^  Ql. 


Pacific  Ocean,  :fc^  •^. 
Pagoda  Island,  ^  jt  ^. 
Pal  Ho,  1^  M- 

I'akhoi,  ^t  M- 

Paoshan  District,  g  \\i  U- 

Paotingfu,  i*  5e  It- 

Peking,  4t  M- 

Persia,  ^  ^. 

Petnna,    f^  ^  #J  (3^  ^  ITf 

}j£lt)- 
Philippine  Islands,  |g:/j  ^ 

?^- 

Pingsiang,  pt^  ^p. 
Pingliang,  ^^  ■i:tf;|t- 
Pinglo,  ^  ^  It- 


Pingtingchow,  ^"^  yii  #1  • 
Port  Arihur,  Jfe  Hlfi  P  . 
Poseh,  "g^- 
Poshan,  ti  llil^- 
I'otala,    ^'  ii  tt  (ii  1^  UliJ 

PuyangLake,  Wi^Wl- 
Pukow,  ji  p. 
Putu  Shan,  #Pti  lU- 


E 


Russia,  ^ 


Sachofu  (or  Yarkand),  •;$ 

¥lt- 

Samshui,  7KIS- 

^-'aii  Francisco.   H  f^  KJ  M 

^  if  (IP  M^  111). 

Sanhsing,  H  $4- 
8;inmen  Bay,  H  P"]  ®- 
Santuao,  ^W>  i%- 
Sluuno  (or  Gobi),  ::^  ^ -^^^ 

Shanghai,  Ji  f®. 
Shanhaikwan,  lU  MIM- 
Shan  si,  llJf5^i• 
Shantung,  \i\'M^. 
Shaohsing,  ISftlt- 
Shasi,  i'p'^. 
Shekichen,  ^®^. 
Shengking,  ^  M 'tf - 
Shensi,  I$|g. 
Shigatse,  H  Pf  S"]- 
Shiuchow,  M^'J'H. 
Siani,  ii^. 

Wanfu,  iS^lt- 
Siang  Kiang,  V^fl  xt 
Siangtan,  mW-l^-- 
Siberia,  MJrb^fi]  35- 

Ki  iiu,  -g  m. 

Si  Kiang,  "S  til- 
Singapore,  MM^- 
Siningfu,  M  m  It- 
Sinkiang,  ff  fS- 
Sinminfu,  ff  li  |t- 
Sinyaiigchow,  fg  PU^J'H. 
Soochow,  0'j'l-l  ;t- 
South  America,  "[^  ^  -^f 
Suchow,  ji  jHi 
Suez  Canal,  H  #  ±  ^  M- 
Suifenho,  ^  ;:3;  M- 


Suifu,  ^'>Hlt- 
Suitechow,  ^i§,'H]. 
Sulifu  (or  Kashgar),  MM 

Siiiicliowfu,  f.^  'j'H  Jt- 
Sungari  P.asin,  fe  :]{£  fT.  ?ife 

Sungkiang,  t/J  tH  Jt- 
Sunning,  Iff  Tn  IS- 
Swatow,  Yllj  Ml 
Sydney,  ^.  )g. 
Szcchow,  S.'J-I-I  It- 
Szcclnvan,  0  Jl|  '^j. 
Szemao,  S.  ^  E- 
Szenan.  ,S  ^' lt- 


Taichow.  -^iHi 
Tai  IIu,ic}AS. 
Tai  Shan,  ^  llj. 
Taiyiianfu,  ±W.M- 
Talienwan,  ::k  M  j^- 

Talifu,  :fej'nit- 
Tangshan,  ^  llj. 
Taokow,  i^  P. 
Tarini  lUver,  if  M  >K  inj- 
Tashi-Lunpo,    +L  fl"  H  >fti 

Tatsienlu,  tT  pS  tl- 
Tatung,  'Xl§. 
Tatungkow,  i^  '^  i'||. 
Tengchow.  ^  'j-Ii. 
Tengyvieh,  H  fcS  ^. 
Tibet,  ME- 
Tiehling  Pass,  M'^i  M- 
Tien  Shan,  ^  lU- 
Tientsin,  ^W- 
Tihwafu  (or  rrunichi),  jjh 

it  It  (^  m  ^  #  ;+c  W). 

Tinghai,  ^  v§. 
Tongking,   ^  M  (-^  S  -111 

#f)- 
Trans- Himalaya,  #^± 

Tsechowfu,  iT  ffl  lt- 
Tse  River,  ^7K- 
Tsientang  River,  It^lll. 

Tsinan,i^l^;t- 
Tsinchow,  ^'jtl. 
Tsingkiangpu,  in'DliS- 
Tsingtao,  ^  ^. 
Tsingwha,  f^'ft^- 
Tsitsihar,  #  #  ^  M- 


VOCABULARY 

Vll 

Tsitsingkwaii,  ^ZMM- 

V 

Woosuiig,  'Yi  *y 

Yungtse  Kiang,  ^  ^  OC- 

Tsungmiiig,  #  BJ. 

Wuchang,  j^^  ,"|. 

Yarkand  (or  Sacliofu),  ^ 

Tuinen  River,  HI  f)  \L. 

\'la(livostok,  iS  #  1^. 

Wuchow,  t&'>H. 

^;^- 

Tiingchow,  3§  '>H. 

Wul.u,  4itA«. 

Yalung.  55  ill. 

Tuiigchowfu,  Iii]  '>H  )ff. 

W 

^\'u  Kiaiig.  f.!j  jl. 

Yenan,  jg'JiH-f- 

Tungchwan,  ;^JIi;{.f. 

Wukiang,  jJiinSf- 

Yenping,  Jig  ^\'-  J^. 

Tungjciu  a^tllf-f. 
Tiiugkwaii,  x§.  M- 
Tungting  Lake.  m^M- 

Wanhsien,  ^,U.- 
Weihaiwei,  f&M^- 
Weilisien    (Sliantiiiig) ,   j^ 

Weilisieii  (Chihlii.  fiSff.. 

\Veih\rei,#ili;^. 

Wei  Kiver  (Honan),  $H^K- 

Wu  Ling  Mountains,  ;^|^ 

Yentai  (or  Chefoo),  jig  ff. 
Yingkow,  >g  D. 
Yochow,  ^  'j+j. 

Turfan,  ± -^  #. 

Wutai  Shan,  So  ill. 
Y 

Yuanchow,  ^  -Hi  ;^. 
Yuan  Kiang,  gc  CC- 
Yu  Kiang,  ;&fl:. 

Uliassutai,  BS^f^.^n- 

Wri  i;ivcr  (Shensi),  tM  7jC. 

Yachowfn,  StHI/ff. 

Yulin,  <tt^;ff. 

Urga,  .iM®(gnI*«- 

\\'eucliow,  S  'Hi 

Yalung  Kiaug,  gj  5|  fl. 

Yungchow,  7K'>l-l)ff. 

Uiumehi,  .tj-?<^>|v#. 

West  Lake,  ]^  M. 

Yaki  Kiver,  ^  M  tt- 

Yunnan,  ^  [^'  Vf. 

Ussuri  Kiver,  .(^js^Mlt- 

Whangpoo,  ^  iilj. 

Yangcliow,  ^UjHi 

Yunnan fu,  iCi^-  /ff. 

Geography   of  the  World 

[in  Unglish) 

BY 

Horatio  B.  Hawkins,  M.A.  (Wisconsin) 

rraclier  in  K'iaiiosii  Pro-rincial  College^  Sooc/ioic 
KDITI'.D  I!V 

Pong    P.   Sec 


Accompanied  witli  coloiircil  mnps;  fully  illustrated;  innturo  in  thought ;  text  clenr  and -simple. 
Doo>^  not  toll  too  much  alMiut  one  countiy  nnd  too  little  aliont  otliers.  Prepared  in  acci.rdance  with 
(iovernnient  regulations  for  Political  Geography.  Stress  laiil  on  industrial  conditions  of  Western 
countries  and  commercial  relations  hctween  East  and  "West,  ^[any  Chinese  notes  aiid  Chinese 
equivalents  for  geographical  names  supplied. 


Commercial  Press,  Limited,   Puhlislters 


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Geography 

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COMMERCIAL  PRESS, 

Ltd. 

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